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Med > Y2C1-Mümtaz Güran-Microbiology-Intestinal And Tissue Nematodes > Flashcards

Y2C1-Mümtaz Güran-Microbiology-Intestinal And Tissue Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Enterobiasis is caused by _____ also know as pinworm.

A

Enterobius Vermicularis (Oxyuris Vermicularis)

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2
Q

Enterobius vermicularis is prevalent especially in _____ and found in _____ and _____ climates.

A

Children, temperate, colder

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3
Q

The route of pinworm is _____ and _____ route.

A

Hand to mouth, fecal-oral.

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4
Q

______are considered the only host of pinworm.

A

Humans

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5
Q

Risk factors of pinworm?

A
  • Poor hygiene
  • Eating after touching contaminated items
  • Living with an individual who is identified as egg positive
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6
Q

Enterobius vermicularisprimarily resides in the _____ and _____.

A

ileum, cecum

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7
Q

What is the life cycle of the pinworm?

A

-Eggs ingested → Develop into adult worms in the small intestine (1-2 months).
-Usually asymptomatic when confined to ileocecal area.

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8
Q

What is the migration and the symptoms of the pinworm?

A

-Female worms migrate to the anal area (mostly at night).
-Deposit thousands of eggs in the perianal area → Causes perianal pruritus (itching).
-Eggs hatch near the anal area, leading to finger contamination.

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9
Q

What is the transmission of the pinworm?

A
  • Autoinfection: Ingested eggs restart the lifecycle.
  • Retroinfection: Larvae migrate back into the rectum/small intestine.
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10
Q

Diagnosis of pinworm?

A

Cellophane tape preparation ofmthe recovered eggs or adults for identification, Specimens must be collected the first in the morning upon waking, especially before bathing or bowel movements.

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11
Q

Clincial features of the pinworm?

A
  • One third of all cases are asymptomatic.
  • The most typical symptom is perianal itching, especially at night.
  • Excoriations and bacterial superinfection.
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12
Q

What are the other symptoms of the pinworm?

A
  • Perianal, perineal and vaginal irritation
  • Insomnia and restlessness
  • Occasionally mild abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
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13
Q

Treatment of the pinworm?

A
  • Albendazole, Mebendazole, Pyrantel pamoate.
  • Recommend treating the entire household, regardless of symptoms.
  • Young pinworms may resist treatment; two doses needed (2 weeks apart).
  • In cases of large outbreaks (e.g., classrooms), treat everyone twice at 2-week intervals.Follow-upis crucial to confirm a cure.
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14
Q

Trichuriasis is caused by _____ also known as the whipworm.

A

Trichuris trichuria

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15
Q

Whipworms live in the _____ and whipworm eggs are passed in the _____ of infected persons.

A

Large intestine, faeces.

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16
Q

What is the life cycle of the whipworm?

A
  • Infective, fully embryonated eggs are ingested
  • Larvae hatch in small intestine
  • Penetrate and develop in the intestinal villi
  • Return to lumen and migrate to the area of the cecum
  • Larvae mature and live in the colon
  • Worms embed their anterior portion into the mucosa
  • Barrel-shaped eggs are released into the stool
  • Eggs must undergo development in the soil for approximately 10 days to 3 weeks before they become infective
  • The worm’s life span is estimated to be 4 - 8 years
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17
Q

Epidemiology of the whipworm?

A
  • Commonly found in refugees from tropical areas
  • The third most common intestinal helminth infection
  • Higher prevalence in warm countries and areas of poor sanitation
  • Common among children and in the institutionalized mentally retarded
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18
Q

What is the most the most atfected group from the whipworm?

A
  • Most Affected Group: Young boys (due to outdoor play and pica behavior).
  • Commonly seen along with Ascaris lumbricoides because of the similar mode of infection.
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19
Q

Major pathology and symptoms of the whipworm?

A
  • Slight infections - usually asymptomatic
  • Heavy infections - Bloody or mucous diarrhea
  • Weight loss and weakness
  • Chronic dysentery, profound anemia and growth retardation
  • Abdominal pain and tenderness
  • Increased peristalsis and rectal prolapse
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20
Q

What is the treatment of the whipworm?

A

Albendazole, Mebendazole

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21
Q

Ascariasis is caused by _____ which is the largest intestinal nematode.

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides.

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22
Q

Ascarisparasites live in the _____.
Ascariseggs are passed in the _____ of infected people.

A

Intestine, faeces.

23
Q

The life cycle of the roundworm?

A
  • Ascariasis is caused by ingesting those worm eggs
  • If an infected person defecates outside or if the feces of an infected person is used as fertilizer, worm eggs are deposited on soil.
  • The worm eggs can then grow into a form of the parasite that can infect others.
  • This can happen when hands or fingers that have contaminated dirt on them are put in the mouth, or by eating vegetables or fruits that have not been carefully peeled, washed, or cooked.
24
Q

Larvae Development of the roundworm?

A
  • Released in the duodenum → Enter circulation via enteric mucosa
  • Reach the liver (via portal vein) and lungs within the first week
25
Q

The development of the roundworm in the lungs?

A
  • Damage alveolar membrane, mature in the alveolus
  • Expectorated, swallowed, and re-enter the gastrointestinal tract
26
Q

Maturation of the roundworm?

A
  • Mature into adult worms in the small intestine lumen (about 20 days)
  • Female worms produce ~200,000 eggs/day, excreted in faeces
27
Q

Egg maturation of the roundworm?

A
  • Eggs mature in a moist, shady, and warm environment (2-8 weeks)
  • Remain viable for up to 17 months
  • Can be ingested to restart the cycle
28
Q

Diagnosis of the roundworm?

A
  • Identification of eggs and/or adults in fecal samples
  • Larvae can be identified in sputum or gastric aspirate during the pulmonary migration phase
  • Molecular methods for the detection of egg/worm DNA in human stools are increasingly used in research settings
29
Q

What are the major pathology and symptoms of the roundworm?

A
  • Often no symptoms
  • If symptoms occur they can be light. Symptoms include abdominal discomfort or pain
  • Heavy infections can block the intestines and slow growth in children
  • Pneumonia associated with migration of larvae in the lungs
  • Obstruction of the intestines, appendix, or common bile duct
  • Vomiting and abdominal pain
  • May cause malnutrition in children with heavy infections or poor diet
  • Some infections are asymptomatic
30
Q

Treatment of roundworm?

A

Albendazole, Mebendazole

31
Q

The new world hookworm: _____
The old world hookworm: _____

A

Necator Americanus, Ancylostoma Duodenale

32
Q

Global prevalence of Hookworms?

A
  • High prevalence in developing countries; contributes to economic losses due to anemia and worsens poverty
  • Nematode parasites transmitted through infested soil.
  • Necator americanus: Main cause globally.
  • Ancylostoma duodenale: Endemic in the Mediterranean, northern India, and China.
33
Q

What are the impacts of hookworm on health?

A
  • Cause chronic intestinal infections
  • Suck blood from the host → Leads to iron deficiency anemia
  • Pulmonary symptoms may occur due to larval migration
34
Q

What are the risk factors of the hookworm?

A
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Exposure to infected soil
  • Barefoot walking especially contact with contaminated water
  • Poor sanitation and personal hygiene
35
Q

What are the highest risk groups of hookworm?

A

Children and pregnant women

36
Q

What is the diagnosis of the hookworms?

A
  • Recovery and identification of eggs (rarely larvae) in the feces.
  • Cannot differentiate Hookworm species by egg appearance.
37
Q

Major pathology and symptoms of the hookworms?

A
  • Commonly asymptomatic.
  • Abdominal pain, nausea, and anorexia.
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • Serpent-like tunneling at site of penetration (cutaneous larva migrans).
  • Sore throat and / or bloody sputum.
  • Enteritis, anemia, weakness, and loss of strength due to the anemia.
38
Q

Treatment of the hookworm?

A

Albendazole, mebendazole

39
Q

Treatment of the hookworm?

A

Albendazole, mebendazole

40
Q

Strongyloidiasis is caused by the threadworm also known as _____.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

41
Q

Strongyloidesspp. are generally _____-specific, and_____ is primarily a human parasite.

A

Host, S.stercoralis

42
Q

Patent infections with parasitic females have been detected in other _____ (chimpanzees, monkeys, etc.) and domestic _____.

A

Primates, domestic dogs

43
Q

overwhelming hyper infection in _____ individuals
can last the host’s lifetime due to its _____ life cycle

A

Immunocompromised, auto-infection

44
Q

Major pathology and symptoms of threadworm in the skin?

A
  • Allergic reactions; raised, itchy, red blotches at the site of larval penetration
45
Q

Major pathology and symptoms of threadworm in the lungs?

A
  • Pneumonia
46
Q

Major pathology and symptoms of threadworm in the intestines?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Weight loss
  • Anemia
  • Eosinophilia
  • Light infections usually asymptomatic
  • Heavy infection - bowel becomes edematous and congested
47
Q

Death by threadworm occurs in _____ patients due to heavy _____.

A

Immunosuppressed, autoinfection

48
Q

The life cycle of the threadworm?

A

Two Phases:

  • Free-Living Phase: Rhabditiform larvae excreted in stool develop into either infective filariform larvae (skin-penetrating) or adult worms that reproduce sexually.
  • Parasitic Phase: Begins with skin penetration by filariform larvae → Migrate via bloodstream/lymphatics to the small intestine → Mature into adult females that reproduce by parthenogenesis, producing rhabditiform larvae.
49
Q

Autoinfection of the threadworm:

A
  • Rhabditiform larvae mature into filariform larvae inside the host, penetrating the intestinal mucosa or perianal skin to continue the infection.
  • Low-level autoinfection can occur in immunocompetent hosts; chronic infections may manifest clinically with immunosuppression.
50
Q

Hyperinfection syndrome of threadworm:

A
  • Severe manifestation with high mortality.
  • Results from uncontrolled, accelerated autoinfection in immunosuppressed patients.
  • Larvae disseminate to organs —> sepsis
51
Q

Diagnosis of the threadworm?

A

Recovery and identification of;
- Larvae in the faces.
- Eggs in duodenal drainage.

52
Q

Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is caused by the ingestion of _____ or _____ (usually pork) containing encysted larvae of _____ AKA (pork worm).

A

Undercooked meat, raw meat, Trichinella spiralis.

53
Q

_____ is the alternate host of the pork worm.

A

Man

54
Q

What are the species and Genotypes of the thread worm?

A

Most common species:Trichinella spiralis.
Other species causing human disease:
- T. nativa
- T. nelson
- T. britovi
- T. pseudospiralis
- T. murelli
- T. papuae

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