Y2 FoPC

Question 1

What is incidence?

Answer 1

No of new cases in population within a specific period of time

Question 2

What is prevalence?

Answer 2

No of people in a population with a disease at a single point in time

Question 3

What are the 5 principles of patient centred care?

Answer 3

Respect
Choice and empowerment
Patient involvement in health policy
Access and support
Information

Question 4

What is vulnerability?

Answer 4

A person’s capacity to resist disease, repair damage and restore physiological homeostasis

Question 5

What is the burden of treatment?

Answer 5

Patients and carers are often put under pressure by healthcare system to

• change behaviour or police behaviour of others
• monitor and manage symptom
• complex treatment regimes
• access, navigate and cope with uncoordinated health and social care systems

Question 6

What is the medical model of disability?

Answer 6

Disability caused by physical difference or impairment

Question 7

What is the social model of disability?

Answer 7

Disability caused by way society is organised rather than by physical imapirment

Question 8

What is personal reaction to disability dependent on?

Answer 8

Nature of disability
Information base
Personality, mood, emotions
Reaction of those around them
Support network
Coping strategies
Social role
Resoirces
Time to adapt

Question 9

What is an illness?

Answer 9

A disease’s effect on an individual

Question 10

What are the 3 main aims of describing epidemiology?

Answer 10

Description- describe amount and distribution of disease
Explanation- clarify natural history and identify etiological factors of disease
Disease control- provide basis on which preventative measures, public health practices and theraputic strategies can be developed, implemented and monitored

Question 11

What sources of data are available?

Answer 11

Mortality rate
Hospital activity stats
NHS spending rate
Repro health stats
Cancer stats
Accident stats

Question 12

What are the aims of SIGN guidelines?

Answer 12

Help patients and healthcare professionals understand medical evidence and make decisions
Reduce unwanted variations in practice and outcomes
Improve healthcare by focusing on patient important outcomes

Question 13

What are the types of studies?

Answer 13

Descriptive
Analytic
Trials

Question 14

What is the purpose of descriptive studies?

Answer 14

Form hypotheses

Question 15

What us the purpose of analytic studies?

Answer 15

Test hypothesis

Question 16

What are the types of test analytic study?

Answer 16

Cross sectional studies
Case control studies
Cohort studies

Question 17

What are cross sectional studies?

Answer 17

Observations made at a single point in time

Question 18

What are case control studies?

Answer 18

2 groups- one with disease and one without- compared to see if they have been exposed to the same aetiological factor

Question 19

What is a cohort study?

Answer 19

Baseline data collected from group of people without disease, and they are followed through until sufficient number have disease

Question 20

What are trials used for?

Answer 20

Used to test ideas about aetiology or to evaluate intervention

Question 21

What is a randomised control trial?

Answer 21

Definitive method for assessing nay new treatment in medicine

Question 22

What factors should be considered when analysing the results from a study?

Answer 22

Standardisation
Standardised mortality ratio
Quality of data
Case definition
Coding and classification
Ascertainment

Question 23

What are the types of bias?

Answer 23

Selection
Information
Follow up
Systematic error

Question 24

What is selection bias?

Answer 24

Study sample not truly representative of entire population

Question 25

What is information bias?

Answer 25

Systematic error in measuring exposure or disease

Question 26

What is follow up bias?

Answer 26

One group being followed up more diligently than another

Question 27

What is systematic error?

Answer 27

Tendency for measurement that falls on one side of true value

Question 28

What are confounding factors?

Answer 28

Associated independently with both the disease and the risk factor under investigation

Question 29

What are some examples of confounding factors?

Answer 29

Age, sex

Social class

Question 30

How do we deal with confounding factors?

Answer 30

Randomisation
Restriction of eligibility
Stratify results according to confounding factors
Adjust results

Question 31

What is the absolute criterion for causality?

Answer 31

Temporality- exposure comes before disease

Question 32

What are the categories of implication of the ageing population?

Answer 32

Health
Social
Economic
Political

Question 33

What are the healthcare implications of the ageing population?

Answer 33

Increase in geriatricians
Increased facilities for elderly
Care of long term conditions moving from secondary to primary care
Specific health promotions aimed at elderly

Question 34

What are the social implications of the ageing population?

Answer 34

Dependence on family/carers
Increased demand for home care/nursing homes
Increased emphasis on social activities for elderly
Increasing housing demands

Question 35

What are the economic implications of the ageing population?

Answer 35

Pension/retirement age increasing
Increased difficulty finding employment
proportionally less people paying tax
Stat pension may not cover living cost
Increasing cost of free personal care for elderly

Question 36

What are the political implications of the ageing population?

Answer 36

Elderly have power to influence political decision making

Question 37

What are anticipatory care plans?

Answer 37

Promote discussion in which individuals, their care providers and those close to them make decisions with respect to future health and personal and practical aspects of care

Question 38

What are the aspects of anticipatory care plans?

Answer 38

Legal
Personal
Medical