Y2 FoPC Flashcards
What is incidence?
No of new cases in population within a specific period of time
What is prevalence?
No of people in a population with a disease at a single point in time
What are the 5 principles of patient centred care?
Respect Choice and empowerment Patient involvement in health policy Access and support Information
What is vulnerability?
A person’s capacity to resist disease, repair damage and restore physiological homeostasis
What is the burden of treatment?
Patients and carers are often put under pressure by healthcare system to
- change behaviour or police behaviour of others
- monitor and manage symptom
- complex treatment regimes
- access, navigate and cope with uncoordinated health and social care systems
What is the medical model of disability?
Disability caused by physical difference or impairment
What is the social model of disability?
Disability caused by way society is organised rather than by physical imapirment
What is personal reaction to disability dependent on?
Nature of disability Information base Personality, mood, emotions Reaction of those around them Support network Coping strategies Social role Resoirces Time to adapt
What is an illness?
A disease’s effect on an individual
What are the 3 main aims of describing epidemiology?
Description- describe amount and distribution of disease
Explanation- clarify natural history and identify etiological factors of disease
Disease control- provide basis on which preventative measures, public health practices and theraputic strategies can be developed, implemented and monitored
What sources of data are available?
Mortality rate Hospital activity stats NHS spending rate Repro health stats Cancer stats Accident stats
What are the aims of SIGN guidelines?
Help patients and healthcare professionals understand medical evidence and make decisions
Reduce unwanted variations in practice and outcomes
Improve healthcare by focusing on patient important outcomes
What are the types of studies?
Descriptive
Analytic
Trials
What is the purpose of descriptive studies?
Form hypotheses
What us the purpose of analytic studies?
Test hypothesis
What are the types of test analytic study?
Cross sectional studies
Case control studies
Cohort studies
What are cross sectional studies?
Observations made at a single point in time
What are case control studies?
2 groups- one with disease and one without- compared to see if they have been exposed to the same aetiological factor
What is a cohort study?
Baseline data collected from group of people without disease, and they are followed through until sufficient number have disease
What are trials used for?
Used to test ideas about aetiology or to evaluate intervention
What is a randomised control trial?
Definitive method for assessing nay new treatment in medicine
What factors should be considered when analysing the results from a study?
Standardisation Standardised mortality ratio Quality of data Case definition Coding and classification Ascertainment
What are the types of bias?
Selection
Information
Follow up
Systematic error
What is selection bias?
Study sample not truly representative of entire population
What is information bias?
Systematic error in measuring exposure or disease
What is follow up bias?
One group being followed up more diligently than another
What is systematic error?
Tendency for measurement that falls on one side of true value
What are confounding factors?
Associated independently with both the disease and the risk factor under investigation
What are some examples of confounding factors?
Age, sex
Social class
How do we deal with confounding factors?
Randomisation
Restriction of eligibility
Stratify results according to confounding factors
Adjust results
What is the absolute criterion for causality?
Temporality- exposure comes before disease
What are the categories of implication of the ageing population?
Health
Social
Economic
Political
What are the healthcare implications of the ageing population?
Increase in geriatricians
Increased facilities for elderly
Care of long term conditions moving from secondary to primary care
Specific health promotions aimed at elderly
What are the social implications of the ageing population?
Dependence on family/carers
Increased demand for home care/nursing homes
Increased emphasis on social activities for elderly
Increasing housing demands
What are the economic implications of the ageing population?
Pension/retirement age increasing Increased difficulty finding employment proportionally less people paying tax Stat pension may not cover living cost Increasing cost of free personal care for elderly
What are the political implications of the ageing population?
Elderly have power to influence political decision making
What are anticipatory care plans?
Promote discussion in which individuals, their care providers and those close to them make decisions with respect to future health and personal and practical aspects of care
What are the aspects of anticipatory care plans?
Legal
Personal
Medical
