Y2 Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Identify the three divisions of the pharynx
A
2
Q
Where does the pharynx become continuous with the oesophagus?
A
At the lower border of the cricoid cartilage – C6
3
Q
Where are the sites of constriction in the oesophagus?
A
- Boundary between pharynx and oesophagus
- Where the arch of aorta crosses the oesophagus
- Where the left main bronchus crosses the oesophagus
- At the oesophageal hiatus
4
Q
Which structure would protect against reflux of food back into the airways?
A
Upper oesophageal sphincter
5
Q
The 4 main regions of the stomach are
A
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pyloric part
6
Q
Which specialised feature of the stomach lining increases its surface area and allows for expansion?
A
Gastric rugae/folds
7
Q
Identify the 4 parts of the duodenum
A
Superior
Descending
Horizontal
Ascending
8
Q
Where is the boundary between the foregut and midgut?
A
Halfway down the descending duodenum
9
Q
What are the names of the duodenal openings and what are they for?
A
- Major duodenal papilla – opening for common bile duct and major pancreatic duct
- Minor duodenal papilla – opening for accessory pancreatic duct
10
Q
As you move form the jejunum to ilium what happens to fat content?
A
Jejunum:
The mesentery has less fat, and the vascular structures (vasa recta and arcades) are more visible and distinct.
This gives the mesentery a more translucent, lace-like appearance.
Ileum:
The mesentery contains more fat, often extending right up to the intestinal wall.
This makes the vascular patterns more obscured and the mesentery thicker and more opaque.
11
Q
As you move form the jejunum to ilium what happens to the arterial arcades?
A
Jejunum:
Features fewer, larger arterial arcades.
The vasa recta (straight arteries coming off arcades) are longer and more regular.
Ileum:
Contains multiple, complex, and smaller arcades (more “layers” of loops).
The vasa recta are shorter and more numerous.
12
Q
As you move form the jejunum to the ileum what happens to wall thickness?
A
Jejunum:
Thicker wall, due to a greater number of circular folds (plicae circulares) and more developed muscularis externa.
Gives it a more rigid and substantial feel as you pass it through your hands.
Ileum:
Thinner wall, as the circular folds are smaller and more sparse.
Feels softer and more compressible, especially near the ileocecal junction.
13
Q
What is the surface landmark for the apendix?
A
McBurney’s point
14
Q
What are the 3 features of the large intestine that differentiate it from the small intestine?
A
- Taeniae coli
- Haustra/sacculations
- Omental appendages/fat tags
15
Q
Where do the three taeniae coli descend to?
A
The appendix
16
Q
Following the ascending colon to the right colic flexure. Which structures lie near this flexure?
A
- Right kidney (posterior to flexure)
- Liver (anterior to flexure)
17
Q
Following the trnasverse colon to the left colic flexure. Which structures lie near this flexure?
A
- Spleen (superior to flexure)
- Left Kidney (posterior to flexure)
18
Q
What is the transverse mesocolon?
A
The transverse mesocolon is a mesentery that connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
19
Q
Where is the boundary between the hindgut and the midgit?
A
20
Q
Which space lies lateral to the descending (and ascending) colons?
A
Paracolic gutters
21
Q
Which quadrant of the abdominal cavity is the sigmoid colon located in?
A
Lower left quadrant
22
Q
At which level does the inferior mesenteric artery leave the aorta?
A
L3
23
Q
What is the splenic flexure
A
Sharp bend in the colon where the transverse becomes to descending.
Also known as left colic flexure
24
Q
At what vertebral level is the rectosigmoid junction?
A
rectosigmoid junction, around S3
25
What are the transverse folds in the rectum?
They are valves
26
What are these layers of the oesophagus?
27
Which muscle type(s) form the muscularis externa layer as you move down the oesophagus?
Upper 1/3 = skeletal; Middle 1/3 = skeletal/smooth; Lower 1/3 = smooth
28
In the oesophagus what are the three layers of the muscosa moving out -> in?
Muscularis mucose (interna)
Lamina propria
Surface epithelium
29
How would you describe the lamina propria?
Layer of connective tissue in the mucosa that connects the epithelium to the muscularis mucosa
30
Which of these are which layers of the oesophageal mucosa?
What are the tags?
31
What is this?
Small bowel
32
What are the large folds of the small bowel called?
plicae
33
What small projections can be found on the plicae?
Villi
34
Fill in these when zoomed in on one plicae of a small intestine
35
Fill in this zoomed out of small intestine
Plicae
Muscosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
36
what do globlet cells secrete?
mucus
37
What is the predominant type(s) of cell present in the surface epithelium of the large bowel?
Enterocytes (absorptive cells) and goblet cells are both abundant
38
Fill in these layers of the colon
39
What's this?
Lamina propria of the colon
40
What's this?
Muscularis mucosae (interna) of colon
41
What's this?
Surface epithelium of the colon
42
Why might a tumour occurring in the head of the pancreas cause painless jaundice?
Distal obstruction of the common bile duct. Painless as opposed to the painful presentation of gallstones
43
44
What is the name of the reflection of peritoneum running between the diaphragm and the liver, which limits the right subphrenic space?
Anterior / superior coronary ligament
45
What is the name of the reflection of peritoneum running between the diaphragm and the liver, which limits the hepatorenal space?
Posterior / inferior coronary ligament
46
Name these liver ligaments
Hint:
Bald king
Around the bare area is a crown (coronary ligaments)
47
Fill in these impressions of the liver
48
The hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein and the common bile duct together form the (hepatic) portal triad contained within which ligament?
hepatoduodenal ligament
49
The hepatoduodenal ligament is the part of what greater structure?
hepatoduodenal ligament is the part of the lesser omentum
50
Fill in this liver histology
51
Fill in this pancreas histology.
What do the cells make?
Islet cells:
Alpha - glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - somatostatin/gastrin
The exocrine cells are acinar cells which produce enzymes such as protease, lipase and amylase
52
Fill in this spleen histology
53
What type of epithelium lines the gallbladder?
Single layer of columnar epithelial cells
54
What is the purpose of the folds/ microvilli of the gallbladder epithelium?
They can flatten and provide more space as the gallbladder fills
55
Look at this gallbladder shit
56
This pituitary fossa is covered by a shelf of dura known as...
the sellar diaphragm
57
What structure passes through the sellar diaphragm and connects the pituitary gland to the base of the brain?
- The infundibulum, or pituitary stalk
58
59
60
What are Magnocellular neurons
large neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that synthesize and release the peptide hormones vasopressin (also known as anti-diuretic hormone) and oxytocin
61
Where are the cell bodies, axons and synapses of the magnocellular neurons located?
- Cell bodies: Hypothalamus
- Axons: Travel in the pituitary stalk
- Synapses: Posterior Pituitary
62
What hormones travel down the axons of the magnocellular neurons?
- Oxytocin (for the cells which originate from the PVN (paraventricular nulei)) and Vasopressin (for the cells which originate from the SON(supraoptic nuclei)
63
What hormones are made in the anterior pituitary?
1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
2. Luteinising hormone LH
3. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
5. Growth hormone GH
6. Prolactin PRL
64
How is the release of these hormones controlled?
Inhibitory and releasing hormones are made in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary in a system of small blood vessels known as the pituitary portal system.
65
What structure is located immediately below the pituitary fossa?
The sphenoid sinus
66
What nerve do the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves both originate from?
- The vagus (CN-X)
67
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is vulnerable to damage during thyroid surgery. What would be the consequence of damaging these nerves?
Horseness of voice and idfficulty breathing
68
What hormone(s) are released by the thyroid gland?
- T3, T4, Calcitonin
69
Where would you expect to find the parathyroid glands?
- On the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
70
71
Which veins do the thyroid veins drain in to?
- Superior and middle thyroid veins – to internal jugular vein
- Inferior thyroid veins – to the brachiocephalic veins.
72
What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands?
- Primarily branches from the inferior thyroid arteries, collateral supply from superior thyroid arteries.
73
Where does the blood supply come from for the thyroid?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
Superior originates from the internal carotod and the inferior from the thyrocervical trunk
74
What imaging technique do you need ot view the parathyroid and thyroid glands?
Ultrasound
75
How do you know you are looking at the common carotid arteries, and not the internal / external carotid arteries?
- The bifurcation of the common carotid artery to form the internal and external carotid arteries happens above the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage: we are viewing a region inferior to this.
76
Name these parts of the pancreas
77
Which branches of the abdominal aorta does the pancreas recieve blood from?
The pancreas receives its blood supply via branches of both the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric.
78
Which arteries from the celiac trunk supply the pancreas?
- Splenic artery (which gives rise to the great pancreatic artery)
- Common Hepatic artery, which gives rise to the gastroduodenal, which in turn gives rise to the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
79
Which arteries form the superior mesenteric supply the pancreas?
- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
80
81
Pituitary low zoom histology
82
Pituitary hgih zoom
83
Low zoom thyroid
84
High zoom thyroid histology
85
Parathyroid histology
86
Low zoom pancreas
87
What structures travel through the following openings in the skull:
* The optic canal
* The carotid canal
* The foramen magnum
* The optic canal transmits the optic nerve (and ophthalmic artery) – there are a pair of them
* The carotid canal transmits the internal carotid artery – there are a pair of them
* The foramen magnum transmits the spinal cord and vertebral arteries – there is only one
88
Which parts of the brain does the falx cerebri separate?
The falx cerebri separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain
89
Which parts of the brain does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
The tentorium cerebelli separates the occipital lobe (above) from the cerebellum (below)
90
What would you normally expect to find in the subarachnoid space?
The subarachnoid space should contain CSF and arteries
91
Where are the external viens that drain the brain loacated?
Within the dura mater
92
What is the name given to the large cleft separating the two cerebral hemispheres?
Great longitudinal fissure
93
What type of nerve fibres are most likely to be carried in the corpus callosum (e.g. association, commissural or projection fibres). Why is this?
Commissural: these fibres are responsible for connecting one cerebral hemisphere to the other
94
The thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland (epithalamus) are part of which larger brain structure?
Diencephalon
95
What is the difference in what is highlighted between a CT, MRI T1 and MRI T2?
CT: bone
T1: fat and tissues
T2: water and fluid
96
What is the name given to the specialised structures lining the ventricles that generate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
The choroid plexus (specialised areas of the ependymal cells that line the ventricles)
97
How does CSF get into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?
Through one of 3 apertures (two lateral, and one median; also known as the foramen of Luschka and Magendie respectively)
98
Where is CSF resorbed back into the general circulation?
Via arachnoid granulations (little sponge-like structures) located around the superior sagittal sinus (one of the dural venous sinuses)
99
Where is spinal chord white and grey mater?
What is important to remember?
Remember that spinal cord sections such as this are nearly always stained (with the myelin picking up the stain), therefore the white matter appears dark and the grey matter appears light.
100
How many pairs are there in each region of the spinal cord?
Cervical: 8 pairs
Thoracic: 12 pairs
Lumbar: 5 pairs
Sacral: 5 pairs
Coccygeal: 1 pair
101
How does a cross section of spinal chrod change between regions?
As you decrease you get less white mater and less neurons are required to be travelling in it.
Cervical is oblong
Thoracic is spindally
Lumbar has chonky grey horns
Sacral is wee
102
Draw out the spinothalamic tract
103
Fill out the sensory tract areas on this cross sections of the brain stem.
Which of these belong to which tract?
Dorsal collumn pathway:
Fasciculus cuneatus/gracillis
Nucleus cuneatus/gracillis
Internal arcuate fibres
Medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract:
Spinal lemniscus
104
Draw out the dorsal column pathway
105
Which is more medial:
Fasciculus gracillis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracillis - just like the muscle
106
What's this?
Mid medulla
107
What's this?
Rostral medulla (upper)
108
What's this?
109
What's this?
Pons
110
What's this?
Midbrain
111
Anterior brainstem
112
Posterior brainstem
113
Useful landmark for indentifying thalamus?
the thalamus forms the wall of the third ventricle. If you can identify the location of the third ventricle it can help you find the thalamus
114
Find the thalamus
115
What is the external capsule?
White matter tracts in the central brain.
Anterior limb contains fibres associated with higher functions. Posterior limb contains major ascending somatosensory fibres and
descending motor fibres
116
What 3 areas of grey matter form the boundaries of the internal capsule?
Caudate nucleus, Lentiform nucleus, Thalamus
117
What is the principal arterial blood supply to the sensory cortex receiving information
from the lower limb?
Anterior cerebral artery
118
What is the principal arterial blood supply to the cortex receiving information from the
head?
Middle cerebral artery
119
What is a dorsal root ganglion?
A collection of sensory neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS
120
Trigeminothalamic fibres will then decussate in the brain stem and travel to the thalamus. Can
you remember where exactly in the thalamus these fibres will synapse?
Ventroposteriomedial nucleus of thalamus
121
What type of information is associated with which sensory synapse nucleus in the brainstem?
(trigeminal)
- mesencephalic nucleus - proprioception
- chief sensory nucleus – touch and pressure
- nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal – pain and temp
122
123
What kind of information if required for proprioception?
* Muscles stretch
* Tendon stretch
* Pressure
124
Which spinocerebella tracts travel contra and ipsilaterally?
There are 2 principle tracts relating to the spinocerebellar pathway:
dorsal spinocerebellar tract - does not cross - travels up ipsilaterally
ventral spinocerebellar tract – does cross - travels up contralaterally
125
Which of the cuneatus/ gracilis pathways carries information from the lower/ upper body?
Cuneatus - upper
Gracillis - lower
Only both are in the dorsal column by the time it is the cervical chord
Can remember by:
Gracilis - the muscles is in the leg so this lower. The cuneatus then joins later which is why it is more medial.
126
What are the putamen and globus pallidus called together?
lentiform nucleus
127
What are the four areas of the internal capsule?
128
Where in the internal capsule are the corticospinal and corticobulbar fibres located?
Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibres are both located in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The corticospinal fibres are nearer the retrolenticular region, corticobulbar fibres are nearer the genu.
129
Draw out the corticospinal tract
130
Where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurons in the corticospinal tract primarily located?
Principally in the primary motor cortex
131
Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?
In the ventral grey horn of the spinal cord. Their axons exit the spinal cord in the ventral root, and merge with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.
132
What happens to the majority of descending corticospinal motor axons at the decussation of the pyramids?
They decussate into the lateral corticospinal tract
133
What is the main difference in when the lateral and ventral corticspinal tracts decussate?
Fibres in the lateral tract decussated in the medulla; fibres in the ventral tract are ipsilateral and will decussate in the spinal cord close to the vertebral level where their target lower motor neurons are located
134
Considering the four main extrapyrimidal tracts which does each one revieve commands form and what does each one activate?
135
Where are each of the cells bodies in the various extrapyrimidal tracts?
- Rubrospinal – UMN cell bodies in the red nucleus
- Vestibulospinal – UMN cell bodies in the vestibular nuclei
- Tectospinal – UMN cell bodies in the superior colliculus
- Reticulospinal – UMN cell bodies in the reticular formation (hard to find)
136
Thinking of extrapyramidal tract cell bodies. Where is the red nucleus and the superior colliculus in a cross section of the midbrain?
137
Thinking of extrapyramidal tract cell bodies. Where are the vestibular nucleii in the pons?
138
What are these?
139
When it comes to the basal ganglia.
What structure is the striatum part of?
The caudate nucleus
