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Y12 Mitosis And Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Mitotic Index

A

The number of cells in mitosis divided by the total number of cells in a sample

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2
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The series of events that eukaryotic cells go through between and during cell division

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3
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Identical copies of DNA that are pulled apart during anaphase of mitosis

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4
Q

Normal Cells (Mitosis)

A

-Cells that stay in G1 stage until signalled
-Are mortal
-Divide about 50 times
-Self-destroy when significantly damaged

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5
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Stage where chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, centrioles move to the poles and form spindle fibres which attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes

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6
Q

Interphase (Mitosis)

A

The stage before mitosis where the cell actively synthesises proteins and DNA is replicated

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7
Q

Cancer Cell characteristics

A

-Abnormal cells that enter S phase without a signal
-Are immortal
-Divide endlessly
-Do not self-destroy when damaged

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8
Q

Centromeres

A

The point on chromosomes where spindle fibres attach during cell division

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9
Q

Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

A

The process after mitosis where the cell membrane and cytoplasm divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

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10
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

Stage where spindle fibres contract and pull apart the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell actively synthesises

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11
Q

Metastasis

A

Process where cancer cells break free and move through blood or lymph to form secondary tumors

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12
Q

Tumor

A

A group of abnormal cells that can be either benign (contained within a membrane) or malignant (able to spread)

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13
Q

Mitosis

A

The controlled division of a eukaryotic cell to form two new identical daughter cells, each with identical copies of DNA produced by the parent cell during DNA replication

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14
Q

Spindle Fibres

A

Structures that attach to chromosomes during mitosis and pull chromatids apart during anaphase

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15
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

A mass of cancerous cells that can break free and spread to other parts of the body through metastasis

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16
Q

Benign Tumor

A

A mass of abnormal cells that remains contained within a membrane and does not spread to other parts of the body

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17
Q

Telophase (Mitosis)

A

Stage where the cell membrane pinches and begins to divide the cell in two

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18
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Stage where DNA condenses and becomes visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down and the nucleolus disappears

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19
Q

DNA Replication (Mitosis)

A

Process that occurs during interphase where DNA is copied before cell division

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20
Q

Binary Fission

A

Process in prokaryotic cells involving replication of circular DNA and plasmids, followed by division of cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells

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21
Q

Chromosome Non-disjunction (Meiosis)

A

A process during meiosis where chromosomes fail to separate properly, leading to mutations in chromosome numbers

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22
Q

Reduction Division

A

The first division in meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells that still have sister chromatids

23
Q

Homologous Pairs (Meiosis)

A

Pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same characteristics and line up together during the first division of meiosis

24
Q

Genetic Mutations

A

Changes in the base sequencing of chromosomes that can arise spontaneously during DNA replication, including base deletion and base substitution

25
Natural Selection
The process where organisms with beneficial adaptions survive better in their environment and pass these genes to offspring
26
Haploid
Having half the normal number of chromosomes, characteristic of gametes produced through meiosis
27
Chiasma
The point where homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange genetic material during meiosis
28
Degenerate Genetic Code
The characteristic of the genetic code where not all base substitutions cause changes in amino acid sequences
29
Cytokinesis (Meiosis)
The process of cytoplasm division that occurs after nuclear division in cell division
30
Base Deletion
A type of mutation where a DNA base is removed from the sequence
31
Mutagenic Agents
Factors that can increase the rate of gene mutation
32
Random Fertilisation
The random fusion of egg and sperm cells during fertilisation, which increases genetic variation within a species
33
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and have half the number of chromosomes (haploid)
34
Crossing over (Meiosis)
A process that creates variation where portions of chromatids break off and rejoin with the chromatids of their homologous pair, producing new genetic combinations of maternal and paternal alleles
35
Sister Chromatids (Meiosis)
Identical copies of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere, and separate during the second division of meiosis
36
Independent segregation
The random lining up of homologous pairs of chromosomes during the first meiosis division, resulting in random combinations of chromosomes in daughter cells
37
Interphase (meiosis)
The phase before meiosis begins where the cell actively synthesises proteins and replicates its DNA
38
Base Substitution
A type of mutation where one DNA base is replaced by another
39
Non-disjunction
Mutations in the number of chromosomes can arise spontaneously by chromosome non-disjunction during meiosis
40
Random Fertilisation
The egg and sperm that fuse together are random; this further increases genetic variation within a species
41
Independent segregation
Happens during the lining up of homologous pairs of chromosomes during the first meiosis division. When they line up they do so randomly.
42
Crossing over
At the start of the first round of meiosis, the individual chromosomes of each homologous pair come into close contact with one another, they twist and look tangled. During the twisting, tensions are created and portions of the chromatids break off. These broken portions may rejoin with the chromatids of its homologous pair. New genetic combinations of maternal and paternal alleles are produced
43
Cytokinesis 1
Two haploid daughter cells are formed (they still have half the genetic information, but still have sister chromatids so have twice the amount of DNA needed). This is known as a reduction division
44
Metaphase 2
Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell (not in homologous pairs this time).
45
Anaphase 2
Spindle Fibres contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell.
46
Why is it important for organisms to have variation?
1) Natural Selection: adaptions that allow the organism to survive better in their environment 2) Those that survive will pass on beneficial genes to their offspring 3) Allows for a species to adapt to changing environments
47
Cancer cells during the cell cycle
Cancer cells enter the S phase without a signal. (Talk abt G1 checkpoint?)
48
Tumours
A group of abnormal cells is known as a tumour. If the tumour has a blood supply it is known as a large mass.
49
Benign Tumours
Benign tumours are held in a membrane and do not spread
50
Malignant Tumours
Cells in malignant tumours are able to break free and move through the blood or lymph to form secondary tumours. This is knows as metastasis
51
Mitotic Index equation
Number of cells in mitosis / Total number of cells in field of view
52
Binary fission in prokaryotic cells involves:
- Replication of the circular DNA and of plasmids - Division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells, each with a single copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of copies of plasmids
53
Virus and cell division?
Viruses do not undergo cell division. Following injection of their nuclei acid, the infected host cell replicated the virus particles.
54
Virus and cell division?
Viruses do not undergo cell division. Following injection of their nuclei acid, the infected host cell replicated the virus particles.

Biology (10 decks)

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