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Y12 DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Exons

A

Sequence within a gene that code for amino acid sequences

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2
Q

Nucleosome

A

A structure formed when DNA wraps around the histone proteins

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3
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

A bond formed between two nucleotides through a condensation reaction

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4
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding sequences that separate exons within a gene

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5
Q

Eukaryotic DNA

A

Very long, linear DNA molecules associated with proteins called histones, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

Double Helix

A

The structure of DNA consisting of two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs

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7
Q

Prokaryotic DNA

A

DNA molecules that are short, circular and are not associated with proteins, found in bacterial cells

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8
Q

Triplet/Tricode

A

A sequence of three DNA bases that codes for a specific amino acid

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

A DNA molecule and its associated proteins in eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

A

A molecule that transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes

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11
Q

DNA nucleotide components

A

Contains:
-Deoxyribose sugar
-A phosphate group
-One of the organic bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, or Thymine

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12
Q

RNA nucleotide components

A

Contains:
-Ribose sugar
-A phosphate group
-One of the organic bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, or Uracil

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13
Q

Locus

A

The fixed position of a gene on a particular DNA molecule

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14
Q

Gene

A

A base sequence of DNA that codes for either the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or a functional RNA

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15
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building block of DNA and RNA, formed from:
-A pentose sugar
-A nitrogen-containing organic base
-A phosphate group

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16
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

An important information-carrying molecule that holds gennetic information in all living cells

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17
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes in a cell

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18
Q

Proteome

A

The full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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19
Q

Base Pairing

A

The specific pairing of DNA bases where Adenine pairs with Thymine (2 Hydrogen bonds) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (3 Hydrogen bonds)

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20
Q

Genetic Code

A

A universal, non-overlapping and degenerate code where multiple DNA base triplets can code for the same amino acid

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21
Q

Homologous pair

A

A set of two chromosomes that are similar in size and shape, and contain the same genes in the same order

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23
Q

DNA Helicase

A

An enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs of DNA, separating the double helix into two strands and creating a replication fork

24
Q

DNA replication

A

The process of copying DNA before cell division to ensure all daughter cells have the genetic information they need. Occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle in preperation for mitosis/meiosis

25
Template Strand
An exposed polynucleotide strand of DNA that serves as a pattern for adding free nucleotides through complementary base pairing
26
Complementary base pairing
The process where free nucleotides bind to exposed template strands according to specific base pairs rules during DNA replication
27
DNA polymerase
An enzyme that catalyses condensation reactions to join free nucleotides together, forming new polynucleotide strands through the formation of phosphodiester bonds
28
Semi-conservative Replication
A process where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand, meaning half of the original DNA is preserved in each new molecule
29
Phosphodiester bonds
Chemical bonds formed between nucleotides in the DNA backbone during DNA replication, creating the new polynucleotide strand.
30
Replication Fork
The Y-shaped structure formed when DNA helicase unwinds and separates the original DNA double helix during replication
31
Meselson and Stahl Experiment
A 1957 experiment that validated semi-conservative replication by growing bacteria in different isotopes of Nitrogen (N-15 and N-14) and analysing DNA density after replication
32
Condensation Reaction
The chemical reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase that joins free nucleotides together to form the new DNA strand
33
Polyribosomes
Multiple ribosomes sliding along mRNA simultaneously to produce large amounts of protein quickly
34
Amino Acid activation
Process where aminoacyltransferases join specific amino acids together specific tRNA molecules at the amino acid binding site before translation
35
Translation
The second stage of protein synthesis where mRNA is used to produce proteins at the ribosomes, with tRNA bringing amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds
36
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A small RNA molecule with a clover leaf shape that collects specific amino acids and takes them to the ribosome for assembly into proteins. It has an anticodon at one end and carries amino acids at the other end
37
Transcription
The first stage of protein synthesis where DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA. Involves DNA helicase unwinding DNA and RNA polymerase joining free RNA nucleotides
38
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A type of RNA that carries genetic messages from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes where proteins are synthesised. It is unfolded and variable in length and base sequence
39
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
A type of RNA that puts amino acids together in chains during protein synthesis
40
Stop codon
A specific codon on mRNA that signals the end of translation and releases the completed polypeptide chsin
41
Codon
A sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
42
Peptide bond
A chemical bond that forms between amino acids during protein synthesis to create a polypeptide chain
43
Gene mutation
A change in the DNA base sequence of a chromosome that can affect protein structure and function
44
Start codon
A specific codon on mRNA where translation begins and the ribosome first binds
45
DNA helicase
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs during transcription
46
RNA polymerase
An enzyme that moves along DNA template (anti-sense strand) and joins free RNA nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds during transcription
47
Anticodon
A triplet of bases on tRNA that is complementary to the codon on mRNA and determines which amino acid is carried
48
Nuclear pores
Openings in the nuclear membrane through which mRNA exits to reach ribosomes in the cytoplasm
49
Exons
Coding sections of DNA that remain after splicing and contain the information for protein synthesis where
50
Primary structure
The sequence of amino acids in a protein, which can be altered by DNA mutations
51
Introns
Non-coding sections of DNA which must be removed from pre-mRNA through splicing to produce functional proteins
52
mRNA splicing
The process of removing introns and joining together exons in pre-mRNA to create functional mRNA
53
mRNA splicing
The process of removing introns and joining together exons in pre-mRNA to create functional mRNA

Biology (10 decks)

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