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Y12 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Vacuole

A

Large organelle in plant cells surrounded by membrane containing sap, provides turgidity to prevent wilting

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2
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Series of fluid-filled flattened sacs that process proteins and lipids and package them into vesicles for transport around or out of the cell

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3
Q

Cristae

A

Folded inner membrane structures found in mitochondria

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle containing chromosomes made of protein-bound linear DNA and nucleoli, surrounded by a double membrane called nuclear envelope with pores for mRNA exit

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5
Q

Cell-surface membrane

A

A bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, receptors, and antigens that controls entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell

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6
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Similar to rough ER but without ribosomes, responsible for synthesising and processing lipids

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7
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoid membranes found in chloroplasts

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8
Q

Fungal cell wall

A

Protective structure made of chitin that provides support and structure to fungal cells

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing lysozyme enzymes that digest engulfed material or worn out organelles

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10
Q

Organ

A

A group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structures made of two protein subunits and RNA that translate mRNA to synthesise proteins, found attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm

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12
Q

Cell specialisation

A

Process where cells become specialised for specific functions in complex multicellular organisms

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13
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform specific functions

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14
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle with double membrane containing folded structures called cristae and matrix fluid inside.
Contains small ribosomes (70S) and DNA, and is the site of aerobic respiration

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15
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Small channels through plant cell walls that connect neighbouring cells

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16
Q

Plant cell wall

A

Protective structure made of cellulose that provides support and structure to plant and algae cells

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17
Q

Nucleolus

A

A structure found in the nucleus responsible for making ribosomes

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18
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle in plants and algae with double membrane containing thylakoid membranes arranged in stacks called grana linked by lamellae. Site of photosynthesis

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19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Series of fluid-filled flattened sacs with attached ribosomes where proteins are folded and processed

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20
Q

Tissue

A

A group of unspecialised cells working together to perform a particular function

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21
Q

Slime capsule

A

A protective covering that surrounds some prokaryotic cells

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22
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

Cellular structures found in prokaryotic cells that are smaller than those found in eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

Flagella

A

Structures in prokaryotic cells that are used for movement

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24
Q

Virus

A

An acellular, non-living particle consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein capsid

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25
Murein
A glycoprotein that makes up the cell walls of prokaryotic cells are provides support to the cell
26
Capsid
The protein coat that surrounds the genetic material in a virus
27
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that are much smaller than eukaryotic cells and have no nucleus. They contain a singular circular DNA molecule that is free in the cytoplasm and is not associated with proteins
28
Attachment proteins
Proteins found in viruses that are used to attach to the host cell
29
Lipid envelope
A membrane covering that surrounds virus particles when they bud off from host cells
30
Plasmids
Small loops of DNA found in prokaryotic cells that contain genes for characteristics such as resistance to antibiotics
31
Eukaryotic cells
Cells with a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane, larger than prokaryotic cells
32
Vacuum in electron microscopes
Required because electrons are easily absorbed or deflected by molecules in the air, necessary for effective operation
33
SEM image characteristics
Shows 3D surface view of specimens, easier specimen preparation but lower resolution than TEM
34
Fine Focus
Secondary focusing mechanism used to achieve precise focus after coarse adjustment
35
TEM image characteristics
Shows internal structure of objects, produces black and white images with higher resolution but requires very thin specimens
36
Optical microscope
An instrument that uses two glass lenses to produce a magnified image of an object, with maximum magnification of about x1500 and resolution of 0.2 micrometers (|um)
37
Resolution limit of optical microscope
0.2 micrometers (|um), determined by the wavelength of light
38
False colour
Colour added afterwards to electron microscope images, as they naturally produce only black and white images
39
Artifacts
Things that appear on microscope images but are not supposed to be there, resulting from specimen preparation (such as air bubbles)
40
Resolution of electron microscope
Best electron microscopes can achieve 0.0002 micrometers (|um) resolution due to shorter wavelength of electrons
41
Specimen
The material or object that is put under the microscope for observation
42
Total Magnification
Calculated by multiplying the ocular les magnification by eyepiece lens magnification
43
Resolution
The smallest distance apart that two object can be and still appear as separate items; determines the clarity of the image
44
Nosepiece
Part of microscope that holds and allows rotation between different objective lenses
45
Magnification
How much larger an object appears compared to its actual size
46
Scanning electron microscope
Type of electron microscope that scans the specimen to produce 3D images of external structure with maximum magnification of x100000
47
Field of view
The area that can be observed under a microscope
48
Electron microscope
A microscope that uses a beam of electrons instead of light, focused by electromagnets, with magnification up to x1500000
49
Coarse focus
Initial focusing mechanism used to bring the microscope image into rough view
50
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Type of electron microscope where electrons pass through very thin specimens, producing high resolution images of internal structures with maximum magnification of x1000000
51
Live Specimen Limitation
Electron microscopes cannot study living specimens due to the requirement of a vacuum
52
Calculating Actual Size from Scale Bar
Measure how many times the scale bar fits into the structure, then multiply this number by the actual measurement represented by the scale bar
53
Mitochondrion length
A cellular organelle typically around 1.3 micrometers in length
54
Objective lens
The lens closest to the specimen that provides the primary magnification of the image
55
Synaptic Gap
The space between neurons at a synapse, approximately 30 nanometers wide
56
Magnification Formula
Magnification = Image Size / Actual Size Image size = measurement made w a ruler Actual size = size of specimen in real life
57
Red blood cell size
A cellular structure with an actual diameter of approximately 7.9 micrometers
58
Magnification purpose
Indicates how many times larger the image is compared to the actual size of the object
59
Using scale bar for magnification
Measure the scale bar length on an image, compare to the actual size written bellow it, then use these values in the magnification equation
60
Unit conversion steps
When converting between units, multiply or divide by powers of 10 based on the relationship between the units
61
Temporary mount
A preparation made by placing a thin specimens on a microscope slide with a drop of water, adding appropriate stain, and carefully lowering a coverslip over it while avoiding air bubbles
62
Mounted needle
A tool used to carefully lowering the coverslip onto the specimen to prevent air bubbles
63
Microscope stage
The platform on which slides are placed for viewing under the microscope
64
Coverslip
A thin glass cover placed over the specimen on a microscope slide to protect the specimen and objective lens
65
Eosin
A stain used to colour the cytoplasm pink
66
Stage micrometer
A slide with an etched scale used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule, typically 1cm long but subdivisions of 0.1mm (100 micrometers)
67
Iodine in potassium iodide solution
A stain used to detect the presence of starch, which turns blue/black when stained
68
Biological drawing rules
-Pencil with sharp point -No colouring or shading -Accurate relative sizes -Include scale/magnification factor -Labelled with no crossing lines
69
Specimen preperation
The process of creating a very thin section of material (one cell layer thick) to allow light to pass through for viewing
70
Calibration
The process of determining the actual measurement value of each division on the eyepiece graticule using a stage micrometer
71
Methylene Blue
A stain specifically used to stain the nuclei of cells
72
Blotting
The process of using paper or tissue to remove excess stain or water that has escaped from under the coverslip
73
Eyepiece graticule
A glass disc fitted in the microscope eyepiece that acts like a ruler with numbers but no units, used for measuring the size of objects
74
Total Magnification
The product of the eyepiece lens magnification and the objective lens magnification
75
Calibration measurement
The actual measurement value of each eyepiece graticule division, which changed with different magnifications and must be recalibrated accordingly
76
Homogenisation
Stage 1 of cell fractionation where cells are broken up and using a homogeniser or blender to disrupt cells membrane and release organelles
77
Order of organelle separation
Nuclei, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, ER, Ribosomes -Separated based on size and density during ultracentrifugation
78
Cold buffered solution requirements
-Solution must be cold to reduce enzyme activity -Buffered to prevent pH extremes from denaturing enzymes -Same water potential as tissue to prevent osmosis
79
Pellet
The thin sediment of organelles that forms at the bottom of the tube during centrifugation
80
Ultracentrifugation
Process where fragments in filtered homogenate are separated using a centrifuge that spins tubes at a very high speed to create centrifugal force
81
Supernatant
The fluid that remains at the top of the tube after centrifugation, which can be removed and further processed
82
Cell fractionation
A process where cells are broken up and different organelles they contain are separated out, allowing detailed study of structure and function of organelles
83
Speed progression in ultracentrifugation
Process starts at slow speed for heaviest organelles and progressively increases in speed to separate lighter organelles
84
Purpose of filtering homogenate
To remove any remaining complete cells and large pieces of cell debris before centrifugation
85
Homogenate
The resultant fluid obtained after cells ate broken up in a homogeniser, which is then filtered to remove any complete cells and large debris

Biology (10 decks)

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