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radiology exam 1 > xray production > Flashcards

xray production Flashcards

1
Q

x rays are a form of —

A

radiation

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2
Q

what is radiation

A

energy in transit

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3
Q

forms of radiation

A
  1. particulate (corpuscular) radiation

2. electromagnetic radiation–x rays

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4
Q

particulate radiation

A
  • subatomic particles that carry energy in the form of kinetic energy of mass in motion
    ex: alpha particles, electrons, beta particles, protons, and neutrons
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5
Q

alpha particles=

A

2 protons + 2 neutrons

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6
Q

tritium

A

naturally occurring radioactive form of hydrogen

found in groundwater

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7
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

energy carried by oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling through space at the speed of light

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8
Q

x rays are carried by oscillating electric and magnetic fields but the trajectory of x rays is _____

A

straight

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9
Q

examples of electromagnetic radiation

A 
x rays
gamma rays
UV light
visible light
radio and microwaves
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10
Q

properties of x rays

A
  • invisible, no charge, no mass
  • straight lines
  • diverge over distance like a beam of light
  • travel at speed of light
  • wide range of wavelengths (0.01-0.05 nm)
  • bc of short wavelengths and higher energy, can penetrate materials that absorb light
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11
Q

greater the energy, the more readily xrays —

A

penetrate matter

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12
Q

x ray absorption depends on ?

A

atomic structure and density of the matter and energy of xrays

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13
Q

frequency

A

number of waves passing a particular point in a unit time

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14
Q

low energy xray

A

longer wavelength

lower frequency

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15
Q

high energy xray

A

shorter wavelength

higher frequency

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16
Q

wavelength and frequency are —-

A

inversely proportional

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17
Q

max speed of electromagnetic radiation

A

speed of light

18
Q

in some situations, electromag radiation behaves like—- while in others it behaves like —-

A

waves or units of energy (photons)

19
Q

number of orbital electrons

A

2(n)^2

20
Q

binding energy

A

amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell
-greatest in inner most shell and in atoms with higher atomic numbers

21
Q

binding energy is a —- energy

A

negative

22
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus

23
Q

mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

24
Q

ionization

A

formation of positive and negative ions by the removal of an electron from an electronically neutral atom
-elicits chemical changes in matter

25
Q

components of x ray tube

A
  • cathode – negatively charged; tungsten and metal focusing cup
  • anode– positively charged; tungsten target insert and surrounding copper block
26
Q

how are xrays produced?

A

when high speed electrons are suddenly decelerated or brought to a stop
-some of their kinetic energy is converted into electromagnetic radiation

27
Q

conditions necessary to make an x ray

A
  1. generation of electrons
  2. production of high speed electrons
  3. focusing of electrons on tungsten target
  4. sudden stop of high speed electrons
28
Q

what is the source of electrons?

A

filament from the cathode (heat)

29
Q

what is the filament made of?

A

tungsten

30
Q

thermionic emission

A

filament current (low voltage) heats tungsten filament to incandescent with resultant separation of electrons

31
Q

the _____ setting heats the filament

A

milliampere (mA) and controls the quantity of electrons produced

32
Q

the ____ setting creates the voltage across the x-ray tube and therefore controls the speed of electrons

A

kV (kilovoltage)

33
Q

production of high speed electrons

A
  • potential difference made bw the cathode and anode by kV

- electrons that surround the filament are accelerated toward the anode at 1/2 speed of light

34
Q

focal spot

A

where the electron beam is focused on the anode target and is the source of x rays

35
Q

focusing cup

A

small metal thing that helps focus the beam on the focal spot

36
Q

what happens when the electrons strike the tungsten target?

A
  • electron stream is stopped

- kinetic energy is converted to 99% heat and 1% rays

37
Q

bremsstrahlung radiation

A
  • interaction with nuclei of target atoms
  • makes up most of x ray beam
  • closer electron gets to nucleus the higher energy of radiation
  • kinetic energy turned into x ray energy
38
Q

characteristic radiation

A
  • interaction with electrons of target atoms

- energy is the difference between 2 shells

39
Q

most x rays are of — origin

A

bremsstrahlung

40
Q

current x ray exposure time

A

0.32 sec

radiology exam 1 (7 decks)

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