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SEM II - Rad Physics > Xray Interraction w/Matter > Flashcards

Xray Interraction w/Matter Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the properties of X-ray/photons/EMR?

A

Pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light, waves

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1
Q

What is interacting with what?

A

X-ray photons interacting with the atoms that make up matter/human bodies.

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2
Q

What are the properties of atoms in the human?

A

Bohr atoms - solar system model/empty space

The big 4 - Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

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3
Q

The Bohr atom

A

Like a miniature solar system
-nucleus at the center
-electrons in orbit
3D - mostly empty space

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4
Q

The 7 possible orbital rings:

A 
K - innermost filled first
L
M
N
O
P
Q - outermost
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5
Q

Electron binding energy

A

The force that holds electrons in orbit.

  • a balance of forces
    • inertia of electrons
    • magnetic attraction of (+) charged nucleus
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6
Q

Electron binding energy varies by:

A

Atomic number

Distance from the nucleus

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7
Q

As atomic number increases, binding energy

A

Increases

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8
Q

The human body is comprised of ? atomic number atoms

A

LOW

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9
Q

As distance from the nucleus increases binding energy

A

Decreases

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10
Q

Energy based ionizing radiation

A

Xray, gamma

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11
Q

Properties of energy based ionizing radiation

A 
Bundles of pure energy
No mass
No charge
Speed of light
Waveform movement
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12
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

High energy, highly penetrating energy characterized by short wavelength and high frequency.

Includes x-radiation and gamma radiation (possess enough energy to ionize matter)

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13
Q

X-rays are emitted from

A

The electron shells of an atom

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14
Q

Gamma radiation is emitted from

A

The nucleus of a radioactive atom.

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15
Q

If given an X-ray and a gamma ray with equal energies

A

You would not be able to tell them apart

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16
Q

EMR interacts with

A

Objects whose size approximates its own wavelength

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17
Q

Visible light

A

Rods and cones within the human eye

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18
Q

Microwaves

A

Water molecules

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19
Q

Radio

A

Radio antenna

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20
Q

X-ray

A

Atoms

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21
Q

As wavelength decreases

A

Energy increases

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22
Q

As frequency increases

A

Energy increases

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23
Q

High energy EMR like X-ray possesses

A

Short wavelength and high frequency

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24
Q

The xraybeam is poly energetic

A

Waveform and energy values will vary within the polyenergetic beam up to the peak energy-KVP.

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25
Q

X-ray begins and ends with

A

Electrons

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26
Q

The wavelength of ray is

A

Very short

Approximately the size of atoms.

27
Q

The primary X-ray beam is

A

Polyenergetic

A variety of wavelengths in beam

A variety of structures interacted with

28
Q

Low energy X-rays

A

Relatively long wavelength

29
Q

Moderate energy X-rays

A

Moderate wavelength

30
Q

High energy X-rays

A

Relatively short wavelength

31
Q

X-ray security scanners work by

A

Coherent/classical scattering

32
Q

Compton interaction

A

Primary X-ray enters atom and collides with outer shell electron (low electron bind). X-ray easily overcomes the binding energy and electron ejected, the atom is ionized in the process. Incoming X-ray loses energy in collision, the energy is spent ejecting the outer shell electron. Incoming X-ray is redirected or scattered due to the collision.

33
Q

In a Compton interaction the strength of the scattered X-ray is unpredictable and random but is exactly equal to

A

The strength of the original primary X-ray minus the energy lost in the collision.

34
Q

When you think of scatter you should also think of

A

Compton and vice versa

35
Q

Compton interactions are the primary source of

A

Scatter radiation

36
Q

Photoelectric interaction

A

High energy X-rays collide with inner shell electron, primary X-ray dies in collision, it’s energy is transferred. Hole left in K shell causing characteristic cascade. The strength of the X-ray created us exactly equal to the difference in orbital ring change. X-ray too weak to exit patients body and absorbed.

37
Q

When you think of photoelectric you should think of

A

Absorption and vice versa

38
Q

Pair production

A

A very high energy photon approaches nucleus, photon influenced by nucleus to split into 2 particles. energy becomes matter - 1 normal charged electron and 1 abnormal (+) charged electron like particle (positron). + seeks - and they collide and annihilate each other, the energy contained by these particles is released. Matter becomes energy, these photons travel in opposite directions

39
Q

Photodisintegration

A

Very very high energy photon enters nucles, photon energy is absorbed. Nucleus possesses an excess of energy, nuclear fragment is ejected.

Occurs at energy level far beyond the general medical image range.

40
Q

When X-ray enters matter, one of 3 things will happen:

A

X-ray passes through matter without interaction

X-ray energy absorbed in matter due to interaction

X-ray energy redirected due to interaction with matter

41
Q

Pass through X-ray and absorbed X-ray are

A

Good for the image, project the shadow of anatomy onto the image receptor

42
Q

Redirection of X-ray is bad for the image

A

Scatter will degrade image quality and increase the exposure to all persons

43
Q

Properties of X-ray

A 
Bundles of pure energy
No mass
No charge
Speed of light
Waveform movement
44
Q

Atoms that make up human tissue have properties:

A

Bohr atom (solar system arrangement)
Nucleus at center, electrons in orbit
Mostly empty space

45
Q

EMR interacts with objects whose size approxiamtes

A

It’s own wavelength

46
Q

Wavelength corresponds to

A

EMR energy

47
Q

As EMR increases wavelength decreases

As EMR decreases wavelength increases

A

Yes

48
Q

A primary X-ray beam is polyenergetic

A

It is comprised of photons with a variety of wavelengths

49
Q

The beam wil. Interact with a variety of structures

A

Longer waves with entire atoms

Moderate atoms with outer shell orbits

Shorter wavelengths with inner shell orbits

50
Q

Frequency

A

The number of waves or cycles per second (measured in hertz)

51
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between a point and a corresponding point on a wave (measured in meters).

52
Q

Amplitude

A

The heighten the wave. From zero line to peak

53
Q

Velocity

A

The speed of electromagnetic radiation.

Constant

Speed of light “c”

54
Q

As frequency goes up wavelength

A

Goes down.

As frequency goes down wavelength goes up.

55
Q

Ionization

A

To give an object charge (either positive or negative)

56
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Energy or matter based

Ionizes matter by disrupting normal atomic structure

57
Q

X-ray ionizes matter by removing

A

Electrons from the orbital rings of atoms

58
Q

EMR interacts with

A

Objects whose size approximates its own wavelength

59
Q

Diagnostic medical X-ray energy range is

A

1kvp up to 150kvp

60
Q

The wavelength of X-ray is measured in

A

Nanometers 10 to the -9 meters
Or
Angstroms 10 to the -10 meters

61
Q

Classic/coherent/Thompson/Rayleigh interaction

A

Low energy photon approaches atom, energy absorbed by entire atom. Atom cannot hold excess energy, releases new (secondary) photon. Energy is exactly same as primary X-ray and proceeds isotropically.

62
Q

Classical interaction

A

Excitation without ionization

63
Q

Our job as techs

A

Minimize production of scatter - colimator

Minimize the impact of scatter on image - grid

Minimize the impact of scatter on people - shielding

64
Q

Scatter is X-ray energy but adds

A

Density to the image

Contains no anatomical info

Adds fog or a veil of gray to the image, reducing image quality

SEM II - Rad Physics (6 decks)

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