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Part B thématiques > Xray findings > Flashcards

Xray findings Flashcards

1
Q

What line is this?

A
  • McGregor’s Line
  • running from posteriosuperior hard palate to inferior occipital bone
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2
Q

What measurement is shown here?

A
  • Atlantodental Interspace (ADI
  • adult normal ADI = <3mm
  • child normal ADI = <5mm
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3
Q

What line does this image show?

A
  • George’s Line
  • alignment of the posterior vertebral body
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4
Q

What alignment is shown here?

A
  • Atlantoaxial alignment
  • malalignment:
  • jefferson’s fracture
  • odontoid fracture
  • alar ligament instability
  • rotatory atlantoaxial subluxation
  • overhang of lateral mass and tilted dens
  • odontoid fracture
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5
Q

What does an altered cervical curve signify?

A
  • not usually a correlation between altered curvature and symptomology
  • reduced or reversed curve could signify:
  • trauma
  • muscle spasm
    • degenerative spondylosis
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6
Q

What is the normal Retropharyngeal Interspace (RPI)?

A
  • 5 to 7mm
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7
Q

What is normal Retrotracheal interspace (RTI)?

A
  • Children: <14mm
  • Adults: <22mm
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8
Q

What does this image show?

A
  • increased retropharyngeal interspace
  • increased retrotracheal interspace
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9
Q

What are the ways of measuring a scoliosis?

A
  • Cobb’s Method
  • Risser-Ferguson Method
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10
Q

What is a normarl Thoracic Kyphosis?

A
  • 20 - 30 degrees
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11
Q

What is the significance of increased Kyphosis?

A
  • old age
  • osteoporosis
  • scheuermann’s disease
  • congenital abnoramlities
  • muscular paralysis
  • cystic fibrosis
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12
Q

When would vertebral disc space be decreased?

A
  • degeneative disc disease
  • post surgery
  • postchemoneucleolysis
  • infection
  • congenital hypoplasia

*poor correlation between loss of disc space and LBP

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13
Q

What does an increased lumbar lordosis do?

A
  • moves th nucleus pulposus anteriorly
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14
Q

What angle does this image show?

A
  • The Lumbosacral Lordosis angle
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15
Q

What does an increased lumbosacral angle signify?

A
  • produces low back pain by increasing the shearing and compressive forces on the lumbosacral posterior joints
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16
Q

What angle does this image show?

A
  • A Lumbosacral disc angle
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17
Q

What is the significane of an increased lumbosacral disc angle?

A
  • greater than 15 degrees is related to LBP casued by facet impaction
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18
Q

What is the significance of a decreased lumbosacral disc angle?

A
  • acute disc herniation
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19
Q

Describe the vertebral malpositions shown.

A
  • A: Overextension of the L4 vertebrae
  • B: Lateral flexion at specific segment b/c agle can be seen between the superior and inferior endplate
  • C: Laterolisthesis (lateral deviation) of L4 and Rotation of L3
  • D: Anterolisthesis shown by white arrow, retrolisthesis shown by black arrow
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20
Q

What line is this an image of?

A
  • Macnab’s line
  • line drawn through the inferior enplate of a vertebrae through the superior articular facet
  • if the line is inferior to the superior articulating facet then there may be facet subluxation/dislocation
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21
Q

What does anterior or posterior displacement on a flexion or extension view show?

A
  • this could mean instability usualy due to trauma
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22
Q

What does this image show?

A
  • the 4 grades of spondylolisthesis
  • better shown in picture
  • the posterior inferior endplate of L5 aligns with the grade of slipage listed on the sacrum
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23
Q

What is the normal value for the Teardrop sign?

A
  • <11mm
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24
Q

How is the teardrop sign measured?

A
  • the distance between the medial margin of the femoral head and the outer part of the pelvic tear drop
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25
Q

What does a difference of >1mm between legs mean?

A
  • this is present in 90% of hip effusion
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26
Q

What is Waldenstrom’s sign?

A
  • lateral shift of the femur or medial widening of the joint space
  • sign of hip effusion
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27
Q

What line is this?

A
  • Kohler’s Line
  • line from the pelvic inlet to the outer border of the obturator foramen
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28
Q

What is shown in this image?

A
  • Protrusio Acetabuli
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29
Q

What line is this?

A
  • Shenton’s line
  • this is the curved line from the femoral neck to the inferior margin of the superior pubic ramus
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30
Q

What is this an image of?

A
  • this is an example of a hip dislocation
  • a sign of hip dislocatio is when shenton’s line is disrupted
31
Q

What is this line?

A
  • Iliofemoral line
32
Q

What does it mean if the Iliofemoral line is similar symetrically in bot hips?

A
  • congenital hip dysplasia
  • slipped femoral capital epiphysis
  • dislocation
  • fracture
33
Q

What is the range of normal for the femoral angle?

A
  • from 120 to 130
34
Q

What is the femoral angle called when <120 degrees?

A
  • coxa vara
35
Q

What is the femoral angle called when >130?

A
  • coxa valga
36
Q

What is this angle an example of?

A
  • coxa vara
37
Q

What is shown in these images?

A
  • A: this is Klein’s line, a line across the outer margin of the femoral neck, this should overlap the femoral head
  • C and D: Slipped femoral Capital Epiphysis can be seen as the Kelin’s line does not intersect through the femoral head
38
Q

What is Patella position?

A
  • the relation between the patella length and the patellar tendon length
  • the patellar tendon lenth is within 20% of patella length
39
Q

What could the patient be suffering from if the patella tendon length 20% mroe than the patella length?

A
  • chondromalacia patellae
  • polio
  • achondroplasia
  • RA
  • tibial transposition
40
Q

What joint space is shown here?

A
  • Acromiohumeral Joint Space
  • this is the distance between the inferior acromiom and articular cortex of the humeral head
41
Q

What is the Noraml Acromiohumeral Joint Space?

A
  • 7 to 11 mm
42
Q

What could a patient present with if the acromiohumeral joint space is <7 mm?

A
  • rotator cuff tear
  • degenerative tendonitis
43
Q

What could the patient present with if Acromiohumeral Joint space is >11 mm?

A
  • dislocation
  • joint effusion
  • stroke
  • brachial plexus lesion
44
Q

What joint space is shown in the image?

A
  • Acromioclavicular joint space
45
Q

What is the normal Acromioclavicular joint space?

A
  • on average 3 mm
  • there also should not be a difference of 3 mm between the 2 AC joints
46
Q

What can cause decreased acromioclavicular space?

A
  • DJD
47
Q

What can cause increased acromioclavicular space?

A
  • traumatic separation
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • RA
48
Q

What line is shown in the picture?

A
  • Radiocapitellar line
  • drawn from the center of the radius through the capitellum
  • this line should always pass through the elbow
49
Q

What may the patient be suffering from if the radiocapitellar line does not pass through the elbow?

A
  • elbow dislocation
50
Q

What sign is shown here?

A
  • metacarpal sign
  • the line must pass through the articular cortex of the 4th and 5th metacarpals and must remain distal to head of the 3rd metacarpal
51
Q

What doe sit mean if in the metacarpal sign the line passes through or proximal to the 3rd emtacarpal head?

A
  • turner’s syndrome
  • fracture deformity
52
Q

What can be seen here?

A
  • basilar impression as the odontoid process passes the McGregor’s line
53
Q

What does basilar impression usually accompnay?

A
  • occipitalisation
54
Q

What are the radiographical features of an arnold chiari malformation?

A
  • MRI must be used to obtain a proper diagnosis in which the cerebellar tonsils lie lower then noraml
  • kinking or elongation of the fourth ventricle
55
Q

Radiographic features of the occipitalisation of the atlas?

A
  • anterior arch and posterior arch of the atlas is fused to the occiput
  • often see basillar impression as well
  • contrindication to adjustment b/c increases pressure on the vertebral arteries
56
Q

What is this an image of?

A
  • paracondylar process
57
Q

What is this an image of?

A
  • paracondylar process
58
Q

What is this an image of?

A
  • epitransverse process
59
Q

Clinical presentation of a paracondylar process?

A
  • jaw/facial muscle pain
60
Q

What is shown on this radiograph?

A
  • vertebralization of the atlas
61
Q

What can be seen with vertebralization of the atlas?

A
  • fusion of the anterior arch of the atlas with the basion
  • fusion of the posterior arch of the atlas with the axis (C2)
62
Q

What does this radograph show?

A
  • Agenesis of the Posterior Arch
63
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A
  • A: posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of the atlas is present but there is stress atrophy of the anterior tubercle (arrow points to this
  • B: partial agenesis of posterior atch (missing the middle connecting portion)
  • C: partial agenesis of the posterior arch (only a chunk of it is present)

** It is important to be able to differentiate bewteen the presence of a partial agenesis and a fracture, this can be differetiated by the hypertrophy of the anterior tubercle being present with agenesis

64
Q

How to differentiate between the agenesis of the posterior tubercle and the fracture of ther posterior tubercle?

A
  • if congenital agenesis the patient will also ahve hypertrophy of the anterior tubercle
  • if there ahs been a fracture there will not be hypertrophy of the anterior tubercle
65
Q

What can be seen in this radiograph?

A
  • Accessory Atlantoaxial Joint (Cervical Baarstrups diseas
  • this is the enlargment of the posterior arch of C1 which has made a psuedo joint witht he spinous process of C2
66
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A
  • congenital failure in the ossification of the midline of the vertebral neural arches
67
Q

What is the following a radiograph of?

A
  • C1 Spina Bifida Occulta
68
Q

What are the radiological features of a spina bifida occulta?

A
  • on pa non union of sp
  • on the lateral there is an absence of the spinolaminar junction line
  • on the lateral the anterior tubercle is usually enlarged
69
Q

What are these radiographs of?

A
  • posterior ponticles
70
Q

Is there any clinical significance to the posterior ponticle?

A
  • NO
71
Q

When does agenesis of the Atlas Anterior Arch occur?

A
  • congenital
  • seondary to:
  • RA
  • Tumor
  • infextion

-

72
Q

What is Ossiculum Terminale Persistens?

A
  • non- fusion of the odontoid process
  • looks like a triangle on the odontoid
73
Q

What does this radiograph show?

A
  • Ossiculum Terminale
  • note the triangle corticie
74
Q
A

Part B thématiques (9 decks)

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