Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

XIA BIOSCI107 > XIA BIO107 > Flashcards

XIA BIO107 Flashcards

1
Q

Define chemical level

A

The building blocks of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define cellular level

A

basic structural and functional units of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define tissue level

A

groups of cells that work together to do a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define organ level

A

group of TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT tissues to do a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define system level

A

group of similar organs to carry out similar functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Organismal level

A

All the parts of a body to constitute a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

list all the parts of the integumentary system

A 
Every Demon Has Some Goblin Slave Giving Biscuits to Nigerians, Hippies, Fatmen, Hitmen.
Epidermis,
Dermis
Hypodermis
Sebaceous gland
Sweat gland, 
Breast tissue,
Nails
Hair follicle
Hairs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List all 11 systems

A 
I don't usually reveal my emotions so nobody remembers my life crises.
Integumentary
Digestive
Urinary
Respiritory
Muscular
Endocrine
Skeletal
Nervous
Reproductive
lLymphatic
cardiovascular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of the epidermis

A

Outer covering of body-hence protect skin
Covers organs
photosynthesis-i.e, vitamin D production

Think superman-spacehippy with skin of steel and how he can photosynthesise

Integumentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of the Dermis

A

Layer below epidermis,
Feed epidermis nutrients, strength, glands.

Basically a sumo Wrestler. Feeds Quite strong, sweat=glandular function
Integumentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of the Hair follicles

A

It is innervated-should be nerfed-so it makes you sense stuff,
Integumentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sebaceous cell

A

Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis,
helps remove waste
Integumentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation
Evaporative cooling
Integumentary
Just think function of A2 sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nails

A

Think-
just protects digits
Integumentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Namesake
detects senses-i.e, pressure, heat, touch, temperature pain, don’t bother learning senses in mc.
Integumentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypodermis

A

fatty yellow layer- attaches skin to deep layers.
So deep that apart from the purposes of this course, its not integumentary
n.b, the hair starts at the hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What systems is Breast tissue and why is it a modified sweat gland?

A

Reproductive system, cuz babies drink from breast tissues to create another baby or some shit
Integumentary system, cuz its a modified sweat gland- modified cuz it dosen’t produce sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function:Skeletal muscle

A

heat production-shiverring
“Skeletal movement”
Protection= think superman again, it protects soft tissue and shit
Control entrances and exits to digestive and respiritory and urinary system- wtf…ok then

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function Axial muscle

A

Support and positioning your axial skeleton, the axial muscles being the ones in your cores, your abs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

function Appendicular muscle

A

think appendage, i.e, limbs,

These are muscles on your limbs, and support and move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

function Tendons

A

Bone to MUS-CUL, basically it connects these two things together, its like glue,
But its formal function is to translate contractile forces into tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Apo=from
neuroses=nerves
muscle to muscle
Translate contractile forces into tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cartilage

and types of cartilage for this course

A

bone interfaces,
hyaline, blue joints
fibrocartilage, fiber, strong, discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

axial bone

A

protect and support core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limb bones, support and positioning of limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

function of red bone marrow

A

red blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

function of yellow bone marrow

A

fat cell stores,

fat=yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

function of brain

A

complex integrative activities,
i.e, thinking about an action before doing it,
can be voluntary and involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Spinal cord

A

relays info to and from brain,

performs less complicated integrative activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Complete the sentence,

All nerves that senses but the optic nerves

A

are part of both CNS and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is in CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is in PNS

A

basically every other nerve outside cns,

links CNS and other sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the list of glands and organs we need to know for the endocrine system

A 
TPPAPG
PinaPple Apple Pen Guy Killed The Pop Theme
Thymus
Pineal, 
Pituitary/hypothalamus,thyroid,
Adrenal glands
 parathyroid, 
Gonads
 kidneys 
pancreas 
gonads
thyroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pineal gland

A

Circadian Rhythm

Pinus=penis=gotta pee in the morning-the only thing that makes teenagers awake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pituitary/hypothalamus

A

regulates growth fluid, control other endocrine glands

Think of how pituitary function in puberty gives rise to hormone cascades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Thyroid gland

A

think about how thyroid problems cause metabolism problems, and how related calcium is related to metabolism. Calcium acts as a neurotransmitter, more calcium, more signals, more action, hence more metabolism-n.b, not actual function but mnemonic.
It controls calcium levels and metabolic rates,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Parathyroid

A

DABAN thyroid, can only do half of what real thyroid does,

only maintains calcium levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

thyMUS

A

causes maturation of lymphocytes

optiMUS prime, defender of cybertron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of adrenal glands(3)

A

Adrenaline,
Water and mineral balance(1)
Tissue metabolism, (2)
Cardio and respiritory function(3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Kidneys (3)

A

Increases bloodpressure
controls calcium levels
red blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pancreas function in the endocrine system

A

Glucose control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Gonads

A

sex characteristics and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

secretes growth hormone that targets Liver that secretes insulin like growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Acromegaly

A

basically too much growth hormone in adults, causing them to look like neanderthals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

gigantism

A

usually in childhood, too much growth hormone making them huge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are some of the general features of the lymphatic system

A

Carry lymph fluid, (water+protein) and lymph from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system,

The heart pumps blood, but is not too good with the return of blood, the lumphatic fluid picks up that extra fluid and throws it back,
“the lymphatic capillaries collect excess tissue fluid that did not return to the capillaries and conducts it back to the blood stream out the subclavian vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What systems is the thymus part of

A

the lymphatic/immune system and the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is lymphatic fluid

A

fat and fatty acids from gut

white/yellow stuff-fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

which 2cells carry out the immune response in this curriculum

A

B cells, T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Spleen

A 
Monitors circulation blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Stimulates immune response
Like are large lymph node
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does the thymus do in the lymphatic system

A

controls and maintains development for T lymphocytes

T for thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the main organs associated with the lymphatic system

A

Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen-

Thanos is THE SHIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Major functions of blood

A 
Transport of Oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation
Defence against illness (immune
cells)
Acid base balance (-HCO3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Functions of the heart

A

propels blood and maintains blood pressure

it the pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Function of the blood vessels

A

arteries=to heart
veins=from heart
capillaries=diffusion between blood and interstitial tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Respiritory tract components

A 
Neptulon is The Least Playable. Neptulon= drowning=respiritory.
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Larynx
pharynx

bronchi
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

A

filter, warm , humidify air and detect smells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pharynx function in the respiritory system

A

Conducts air to Larynx,

Pharynx is in front of larynx because P =Phunnel to the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Larynx

A

lalalalalala…LAAA!!!…LAAA!!!….LALArynx

Protects opening to trachea
and contains vocal cords
for vocalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Trachea

A

cartilage-conducts air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

bronchi

A

conducts air between trachea and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Lungs

A

gas exchange of oxygen+CO2

some a2 chem will teach you that the ratio between CO2 AND Oxygen regulates acidity and baseness of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

List the components of the digestive system,

catpoo

A 
POOS=pharynx, oesophagus,oral cavity, salivary gland
pharynx
Oral cavity
Oesophagus
salivary glands
my cat Lays Premium Grade Shit Large And Small in my lawn 
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Liver 
small intestine
Anus
large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

function of gall bladder

A

concentrates bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

function of the pancreas

A

digestive enzymes
buffers
endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Oral cavity function

A

Breaks up food working with teeth and tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Salivary glands

A

Buffers and lubricants-enzymes begin digestion

think of saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

pharynx function in the digestive system

A

passes Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

oesophagus

A

delivers food to the sto match

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

sto match function

A

Secretes acids, enzymes and HORMONES WTF?

Hermione secretes acids and enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Small intestine

A

Digestive enzymes, Buffers,+ Hormones absorb nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Liver

A

secretes bile and regulate nutrients in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Gall bladder

A

concentrates bile
“yargh, so ye got te gall ta challenge me boy??”
means his guts are quite concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

function of the pancreas in the digestive system

A

digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Large intestine

A

water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Anus

A

waste storage and removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the general functions of the urinary system

A

eliminates excess salts and wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What does the kidney do the urinary system

A

forms and concentrate urine
regulate pH
regulate ions
controls blood volume and blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What does the Ureters do

A

Conduct urine to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Bladder

A

stores urine prior to urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Urethra

A

conduct urine outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

EPO

A

dat drug olympians use to be supermen
EPO, erythropoietin? is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney
and the kidney targets bone marrow, bone marrow undergoes erthropoiesis, the increased activity of RBC stem cells means more RBC, more oxygen carrying capacity, better performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

list the 4 major tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What does the epithelial tissue do

A

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities, ducts, forms glands,
it Protects, filtrates, secretes, absorbs and excretes, its atraxa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Connective tissue

A

Cells in a matrix of fibres, and ground substance including bone and blood, it protects and supports, binds organs together, stores energy , transports blood

86
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contractile tissues,

movement

87
Q

What is the general functions of the epithelial tissue (3)

A

covers body surface
lines hollow organs, cavities, ducts
forms glands

88
Q

how is epithelial tissue held together

A

junctions

89
Q

What are cell junctions

A

are contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells

90
Q

What are cytoskeletons

A

basically a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organisation and provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement

for the purposes of the course, that just means microfilaments and intermediate filaments

91
Q

What are microfilaments

A

bundles beneath cell membrane and cytoplasm,
they provide, strength, ability to alter cell shape and link cytoplasm to membrane, tie cells together, muscle contraction

92
Q

What does intermediate filaments do

A

Provide strength, they move materials through cytoplasm

93
Q

Endo The Bloody

A

Endothelium,
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels

94
Q

Atraxa, The Overplayed Mediocre Virgin

A 
type-non-stratified squamous epithelium
Mouth and tongue
throat
Vagina
anus
oesophagus
95
Q

Miso, the pineapple apple pen guy

A

Mesothelium, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, a type of simple squamous epithelium

96
Q

Carnivorous Cube with thic penis as brain

A

simple cuboidal
Thyroid
Small ducts of glands
Pancreas ducts

97
Q

Da ghee ghee

A

Simple columnar,
ducts
gut mucosa
gall bladder

98
Q

Super Sexy, Ultra beef blob

A 
ciliated simple columnar
Sinuses
Spinal cord (central canal)
Uterine fallopian tubes'
Bronchiole
Brain ventricles
99
Q

Lyra, Ultimate Advantage Elemental

A 
Pseudostratified columnar
larger ducts of glands,non ciliated
epididymus,non ciliated
urethra, (male),nonciliated
airways (ciliated)
100
Q

location of transitional epithelia

A

bladder only

101
Q

Stratified columnar

A

anal mucosal membrane
Urethra
eye
some large glands

102
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophagal glands, male urethra

103
Q 
Tight junctions (5)
What is its main property
A 
• Individual sealing strands
transmembrane
• More strands the tighter the junction
• Many proteins involved but two key
ones: claudins & occludins
• Join the cytoskeletons of adjacent
cells e.g. via ZO-1 to actin
• Keep cell polarity by preventing
migration of proteins between apical
and basal surfaces
104
Q 
Adherens junction (7)
what is it called
where does the plaque layer do
What does the cadherins do
what does the catenins do
WHAT is the main use of an adherens junction
A
  • “Belt desmosome” or adhesion belts (zonula adherens) in some epithelial cells
  • Others cells are less continuous and are called “adhesion plaques”
  • More basal located than tight junctions
  • Have a plaque layer of proteins on the inside of the cell to join actin to cadherins
  • Cadherins (span the gap)
  • Catenins link the Cadherins to Actin (microfilament in cell cytoplasm)
  • Adherens junctions prevent cell separation from tension forces like in contractile forces
105
Q 
Desmosome
features
what does it do
give an example of what they do
what does the cadherin do
what does the keratin do
where is it mostly found
A
  • Lateral wall
  • Have “plaque” just like adherens junctions
  • Resist shearing forces
  • Example: they bind muscle cells
  • Cadherin spans the gap
  • BUT link cell surface to Keratin (a cytoskeletal intermediate filament)
  • Keratin spans from one desmosome to another on other side of the cell – structural integrity
  • Most common in skin epithelium and cardiac cells of the heart to prevent pulling apart
106
Q

Gap junctions
what does it do
what kinda molecules does it let through

A 
• Direct connection between cells (link between cytoplasm)
• 6 connexIn protein molecules form
connexOn or hemichannel
• 2 hemichannels make up gap junction
• Allow ~1kDa molecules through
107
Q

Hemi desmosome

What does the keratin do
what is different with hemidesmosome to other junction types

A 
• Connect epithelia to basement
membrane
• Links cellular basal intermediate
filament (Keratin) to basement
membrane
• Hemidesmosome
– (INTEGRIN linker protein
(instead of cadherin) binds to
LAMININ in the BM and to
Keratin intermediate filament in
cytoplasm)
108
Q

what are the two components of the basement membrane

A

reticular lamina

basal lamina

109
Q

How exactly is the basal lamina made and what are its contents

A

secreted by epithelial cells,

collagen,laminin,other proteoglycans, glycoprotein etc

110
Q

How exactly is the reticular lamina made

and what are its contents

A

produced by cells called fibroblasts

contain fibronectin and collagen

111
Q

where is the basement membrane found?

A

The basement membrane is thus found between the epithelium

and connective tissue

112
Q

How does the epithelial cells get its nutrients

A 
The exchange of
nutrients and wastes
takes place by
diffusion from
vessels in the
connective tissue
113
Q

What does the basement membrane do(4)

A

Supports the overlying epithelium
provides a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth and wound healing
acts as a physical barrier
participates in the filtration of substances in the kidney

114
Q

Melanoma basement

A

basement membrane can prevent melanoma from metastasizing in the cell

115
Q 
What are the warning signs of melanoma
A
B
C
D
A

The ABCD of melanoma warning signs:
• A for asymmetry: one half of a mole doesn’t match the other;
• B for border irregularity: edges are ragged, notched or blurred;
• C for colour: mix of brown, black, red, white, or blue;
• D for diameter greater than 6 mm.

116
Q

What are the two kinds of epithelial tissue

A

1) Coverring and lining epithelia

2) glandular epithelia

117
Q

What is the function of covering and lining epithelia

A

Form the Outer Covering of the skin and some internal
organs.
• Form the Inner Lining of blood vessels, ducts and body
cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive,
urinary and reproductive systems

118
Q

Function: simple cuboidal

A

secretion and absorption

119
Q

Function:nonciliated simple columnar

A

can have microvilli, secretion, lubrication and absorption,

generally they have goblet cells interspersed.

120
Q

Function: ciliated simple columnar

A

have goblet cells

synchronous movement of the cilia assists the movement of mucus and oocytes and foreign objects

121
Q

function: stratified squamous epithelium (3)

A

located where chemical and mechanical stresses are severe.
protects against microbes
In some places where mechanical stress and dehydration major issue
apical cells are packed with keratin – makes the surface tough and
waterproof

122
Q

function: (non keratinized) stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

protection from abrasion, microbes, and defense from microbes, “require secretions from glands”

123
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

1) what are the subtypes
2) what are the differences between the 2 subtypes?
3) What are the functions?

A

1) there is ciliated and nonciliated,
2) nonciliated does not have goblet cells
3) ciliated secrete mucus and move it
4) nonciliated mostly has protection purposes

124
Q

Main function of transitional epithelial

A

change shape from cuboidal to flat, and allows stretching

125
Q

Definition of a gland

A

consists of a SINGLE CELL, or GROUP OF CELLS that secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, into blood

126
Q

Definition of an endocrine gland

A

a gland that directly secretes into the blood via traversing interstitial fluid

127
Q

Definition of an exocrine gland

A

Secrete into ducts that
empty onto the surface
of a covering or lining
epithelium.

128
Q

What is the range of an endocrine gland

A

generally distant and strong effects

thinking about how blood travels all over the body, it can be distant

129
Q

What is the range of an exocrine gland

A

generally local-

thinking about how a ramp can only get you so far

130
Q

What is the function of connective tissue

A
  1. It binds, supports and strengthens other body tissues.
  2. A major transport system of the body (blood is a connective tissue).
  3. A major site of stored energy reserves
    (fat or adipose tissue is a
    connective tissue).
131
Q

Where isn’t connective tissue found

A

not on body surfaces

132
Q

What is extracellular matrix found

A

Ground substance

protein fibres

133
Q

What is ground substance composed of

A

Ground substance is composed of a mixture of :
• Water
• Proteins (gelatine in jelly!)
• Polysaccharides (sugars)

134
Q

how do you form a proteoglycan

A

GAGS join with core proteins to form proteoglycans

135
Q

What are some features of GAG

A

They are long and unbranched

have a repeating disaccharide unit

136
Q

list all 4 sulphated GAGs

A

dermatan sulfate
keratan sulfate
chondroiten sulfate
Heparin Sulfate

137
Q

Where does hyaluronic acid bind to

A

does not directly bind to protein backbone, but binds to the various PGs

138
Q

What is unusual about hyaluronic acid

A

The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid is unusual in that it is not
sulphated nor covalently bound to a core protein

139
Q

What is the main function of GAGs?

A

Collectively, the glycosaminoglycans trap water to make the

ground substance more jelly-like

140
Q

What is the main function of hyaluronic acid

A

Hyaluronic Acid: viscous slippery substance binds cells

together, lubricates joints and maintains shape of eyeball

141
Q

Tell me what produces hyaluronidase, and why is it made?

A

Hyaluronidase:
• produced by white blood cells, sperm and some
bacteria.
• This makes ground substance more liquid so they
can move more easily in it or makes access to the
egg easier for sperm

142
Q

What is the function of chondroiten

A

support and provide the adhesive

features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels.

143
Q 
Give me 4 features of Abnormal Periorbital ECM and
thyroid disease (Exopthalmos)
A

• Most common in younger women
• Goitre (swollen thyroid gland)
• Autoimmune over-activation of thyroid (goitre)
• Autoimmune action on fibroblasts in ECM of eye (exophthalmos)The deposition of glycosaminoglycans and the influx of 14
wate
r increase the orbital contents

So it’s basically the result of abnormality in the ground substance (extracellular matrix) of the eye orbit. This abnormality

is due to the body causing an autoimmune action on the fibroblasts which cause an increase in water and GAGs in ground substance of the ECM in the eye orbit. As a result of this increase in ground substance, it causes a build up of pressure in the eyes which can be observed as the bulging of the eyes (pushed forward almost out of socket)

144
Q

features of collagen fibres (5)

A

Very strong, but flexible to resist pulling forces
Features vary in different tissues
Collagen is very abundant, 25% of your body,
very common in bone,ligaments, cartilage, and tendons
found in parallel bundles

145
Q 
Reticular fibres (7)
what is it made of
what makes these fibres
what is the function
where does it form in an epithelium
other characteristics
where exactly is it most prevalent
A

• Composed of collagen with coating of glycoprotein
• Collagen in fine bundles with coating of glycoprotein
(more protein than sugar)
• Made by fibroblasts
• Provide strength and support
• Form part of the basement membrane
• Thinner, branching - spreads through tissue.
• Form networks in vessels and through tissues especially
adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissues

As you can imagine, branching makes it form networks better, and thereby, think of what needs lots of branching.
networks mean lots of crap, hence it makes sense that it provides strength, its like a mesh.
adipose, solid fat
smooth muscle tissue, quite strong
nerve fibres, much branched as well and most likely needs to have some form of protection

146
Q 
features of Elastin fibres (5)
how thin is it in comparison to collagen fibres
does it network
what is the main protein component
why is fibrillin on collagen fibres
what is its main features
list4 places it is found
A

• Thinner than collagen fibres
• Fibrous network
• Consist of the protein elastin surrounded by the
glycoprotein fibrillin to give more strength and stability.
• Can be stretched 150% without breaking
• Found in skin, blood vessels and lung.

147
Q

Explain Marfan syndrome

A

Fibrillin binds and “neutralises” the growth hormone, Transforming
Growth Factor beta(TGFb)
In Marfan syndrome, Fibrillin is not normal, so it does not bind to TGFb, and its not as strong as normal
This means, lots of unchecked growth factor
and since fibrillin is important to strength and stability of elastin, the elastin is not too strong, so these people tend to have problems relating to weakness of elastin, i.e they might get a heart attck more likely.

Individuals with Marfan Syndrome are: usually
tall, long limbed, and often with a chest deformity
(e.g. protruding or collapsed sternum). Normal life
span but need medical vigilance to control BP etc
They may have weakened heart valves and arterial
walls, which can be life threatening.
Occurs in about 1 in 20,000 live births.

148
Q

Give the function and location of fibroblasts

A

They are widely distributed in connective tissue and they are migratory,

Secrete components of
the matrix (fibres and
ground substance)

149
Q

Give the function and location of adipocytes

A

They are under skin and around organs, they tend to store fats in the form of trighlycerides

150
Q

Give all the nicknames of macrophages, and give a list of their functions

A

Can generally be referred to as histiocytes
There are 2 major subtypes, the ones that wanderring, and the ones that are fixxed

The wandering ones don’t have a special name, and they are fiund at wound sites-generally in connective tissue

the fixxed ones have special names depending on where they are
Dust cells for the lungs
kupffer cells for the liver
Langerhans cells for the skin

they are phagocytic

151
Q

Plasma cells

A

From B lymphocytes, produce antibodies

Many connective tissue sites but especially in gut and lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow

152
Q

Mast cells

A

produce histamine that dilates vessels alongside blood vessels- inflammatory response

They are found alongside blood vessels

153
Q

leucocytes

A

WHite blood cells, migrate out from blood

154
Q

List the 2 embryonic tissue types

A

mesenchymal

mucous

155
Q

List the 3 kinds of adult tissue types

A

connective tissue proper
fluid connective tissue
supporting connective tissue

156
Q

what are two kinds of connective tissue proper

A

dense and loose connective tissue

157
Q

what are 2 kinds of fluid connective tissue

A

blood and lymph

158
Q

what are 2 kinds of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage, bone

159
Q

what are the 3 kinds of dense tissue

A

1) elastic
2) dense regular
3) dense irregular

160
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 kinds of loose tissue

A

areolar,
adipose
reticular

161
Q

What are the properties of loose connective tissue

A

Many cells , fewer fibres in the matrix

162
Q

What are the properties of areolar tissue

A 
Three types of fibres are present
(collagen, reticular and elastic).
Widely distributed around almost every
structure. Like a “packing material”.
Strength, Elasticity, Support.
163
Q

What are the properties of adipose tissue

A

Adipocytes dominant.
Central triglyceride droplet.
Found with areolar connective tissue (incl. fibroblasts).
White adipose (energy storage) and Brown adipose (heat
production).
Insulation. Energy source. Temperature control

164
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

lots of reticular fibers made of collagen
forms the stroma of many soft organs like the spleen and the lymph nodes
These fibers also help form the basement membrane
they are composed of reticular fibers and reticuar cells
binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

165
Q

features of Dense regular tissue

A 
Tendons (muscle to bone); Ligaments (bone to
bone); aponeuroses (muscle to muscle).
Regularly arranged collagen
e.g. tendons (pulling along the fibre axis).
Shiny white colour;
Collagen fibres are not a living tissue;
Slow healing
Attachment.
166
Q

features of dnese irregular tissue

A

made of collagen fibers, irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts
orivudes tensile strength,
found like in the skin where the torsional forces are irregular

167
Q

features of dense elastic tissue

A

contains predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them
lung tissue, wallsof elastic arteries, trachea bronchial tubes, ligaments of penis, vertebrae
allows stretching of various organs, is strong and the recoil to original shape after stretching

168
Q

Description of the mesenchymal tissue

A

gives rise to all other connective tissue, consists of connective tissue cells in a semifluid ground substance containing reticular fibers

169
Q

description of the mucous cell tissue

A

has widely scattered fibroblasts in the jelly like substance

featured as support to the umbilical cord

170
Q

Description of fibrocartilage

A

Fibrocartilage has chondrocytes among thick bundles of collagen fibers
located in intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee
portionf of tendons that insert into cartilage
pubic symphysisThey join structures together
they are the strongets of all cartilages
resists compression and shearing forces and absorbs shock

171
Q

What are bones and what are they composed of?

A

bones are organs composed of several connective tissue types

172
Q

what are the two kinds of bone tissue and what kind of tissue are they

A

connective tissue and they are either spongy or compact

173
Q

What is compact bone

A

Outer layer of bone and forms the shaft of long bones.
It is also known as cortical bone.
Compact bone is composed of many rod-shaped units known as
either Osteons or Haversian systems (see soon)

stores calcium and phosphorus

174
Q

What is spongy bone

A

Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone.
Also known as Cancellous bone
Lacks osteons

has two kinds, red marrow (blood) and yellow marrow(fat/triglycerides)

175
Q

What are the 4 cell kinds in bone

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclast

176
Q

What are Osteogenic cells

A 
mesenchymal stem cells
that develop, starts to lay
down collagen; become
trapped and become
osteoblasts.
177
Q

What are Osteoblasts

A 
Osteoblasts: boneforming
cells. Lay down
more collagen,
mineralization process
starts.

lay down new bone

178
Q

What are Osteocytes

A

Osteocytes: mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped within the
extracellular matrix. Maintain bone tissue. Involved in exchange of nutrients
and wastes. Have gap junctions.

179
Q

What are osteoclasts

A 
4. Osteoclasts:
• Large,
• Multinucleated cells
• Formed from the fusion of blood
monocytes
• Break-down bone

Remodel bone

180
Q

Draw an Osteon

A

Canaliculi
Lamellae
Lacuna
Central canal

181
Q

What does a chondroblast do

A

s lay down hyaline

cartilage callus

182
Q

What is the function of a canaliculi

A

“minute canals” (containing EC fluid and
minute osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae
and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste.

183
Q

What is the function of a Lacunae

A

they are small surfaces, like lakes

that contain osteocytes

184
Q

What is the function of a lamellae

A

concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness (e.g.
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide, which together
form hydroxyapatite) and collagen (for tensile strength)

185
Q

What is function of the haversian (central canal) canal

A

has bloodvessels, lymphs and nerves

186
Q

list 4 kinds of leucocytes and give their function

A

i. Neutrophils and monocytes
(macrophages) are
phagocytic, engulfing bacteria.
ii. Basophils (mobile) and Mast cells (immature
circulate; mature are fixed in tissues), release
substances (e.g. histamine) that intensify the
inflammatory reaction.
iii. Eosinophils are effective against certain parasitic
worms and in acute allergic response .
iv. Lymphocytes are involved in the immune
response.

187
Q

What are 3 kinds of muscles

A

1) skeletal muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) smooth muscle

188
Q

Skeletal muscle slide

1) how many skeletal muscles are there in the body
2) How are they attached to bones
3) What do they look like under a microscope
4) is contraction voluntary or not voluntary?
5) what is the shape of the fibres
6) what is the smallest muscle and what does it do
7) what is the longest muscle and how long is it

A 
i. Skeletal Muscle
• There are ~650 named skeletal muscles in the
body
• Usually attached to bones via tendons.
• Appear striated under the microscope.
• Contraction is under conscious control
(voluntary; sometimes not always - posture)
• Fibres (remember = cells) cylindrical

Smallest: 1.25 mm stapedius (stabilizes the smallest
human bone the stapes in the ear; prevents “hyperacusis*”;
tympanic reflex; Bell’s Palsy; facial n)
Longest: up to the 60 cm sartorius (“Checking for
gum!”; hip: flexor, abductor, lateral rotator; knee: flexor).
*Hyperacusis – stapedius n damage - extra loud sound perceptio

189
Q

Why do muscles appear striated

A

they are due to the highly organised arrangement of myofibrils within cells

190
Q

what are the 2 types of myofibrils

A

actins thin
and
myosin thick

191
Q

What are sarcomeres

A

basic functional unit of a myofibril, they are composed of myofilaments

192
Q

Draw and label a myofilament

A

The thick and thin myofilaments overlap to produce the striations in
the myofibril:
A band: dark, middle part ; contains all the thick filaments
I band: thin filaments, but no thick filaments
H zone: thick filaments, but no thin filaments
M line: middle of sarcomere (holds thick filaments together)
Z disc: passes through centre of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of
“actinins” – that link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

193
Q

Cardiac muscle
what is its appearance
how are fibres joined
what is one of the prominent junctions it has

what do intercalated discs contain

is it voluntary or involuntary

A

ii. Cardiac Muscle
Striated. Branched.
Single central nucleus.
Fibres join end-to-end through intercalated discs.

Intercalated discs contain:
1. Desmosomes (bind intermediate filaments)
Provide adhesion in contraction
2. Gap junctions (communication)
(co ordinated; rapid conduction).

it is involuntary

194
Q

Smooth muscle

where is it located

what is the appearance

is it voluntary or involuntary

is it striated or not striated

is it multinucleated or mono nucleated

What are some of its structural components (myofibirls)

Other notable features

A

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures
e.g. intestines (peristalsis); blood vessel walls (constriction);also : Iris of eye, reproductive; digestive; respiratory; urinary; skin,erector pili
Short, Small, spindle-shaped, about 30-200 µm long; 3-8 µmthickest in the middle
Involuntary
Non-striated (smooth)
Single central nucleus
• Smooth muscle fibres are non-striated, but still have bundles of
thin (e.g. actin) and thick (e.g myosin) filaments.
• Thin filaments (e.g. actin) attach to “dense bodies”, functionally
similar to Z discs. (Dense body: a major protein is Actinin).
• Intermediate filaments (non-contractile elements) also connect
to dense bodies
During contraction tension is
transmitted to the
intermediate filaments (don’t
contract), and the cell twists
as it contracts about these
stable “rods”.

195
Q

What is the function of the nervous system (6)

A

maintains homeostasis with the endocrine tissue
initiates voluntary movements
responsible for perception, behavior and memory
detects internal and external stimuli and transfer to CnS

INTEGRATIVE ACTIONS :ANALYSIS AND STORING OF INFORMATION
Motor, stimulation of effectors through the PNS

196
Q

what are the two kinds of cells in nervous tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

197
Q

what is the function of a neuron

A

Have a cell body into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve
impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon
conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue.

198
Q

Features of a neuron

A

Do not divide

High metabolic rate

199
Q

What is the function of an axon

A

carries the nerve impulse out of the neuron, output portion of neurons

200
Q

what is the function of dendrites

A

the receiving, imput part of the neuron

201
Q

multipolar neurons

A 
• Have 2 or more dendrites
and a single axon.
• Most common neurons in
CNS
• All motor neurons (control
skeletal muscle) are in
this class
• Some of longest (spinal
cord to toe muscles)
202
Q

Bipolar neurons

A 
• Two distinct processes
– 1 dendritic process (can
branch at tip but not at cell
body)
– And 1 axon
• Has cell body between
axon and dendrite
• Rare and small (30µm)
• Special sense organs
(sight, smell, hearing) relay
information from receptor
to neurons
203
Q

unipolar neurons

A 
• The dendrites and axon
are continuous
• Cell body off to one side
• Whole thing from where
dendrites converge called
axon
• Most sensory nerves are
unipolar
• Very long (1m) like motor
nerves CNS-toe tip.
204
Q

anaxonic neuron

A 
• Rare and function
poorly understood
• Anatomy cannot
distinguish dendrites
from axons
• Found in brain and
special sense organs
205
Q 
What is a neuroglia
how common are neuroglias
what is the size of neuroglia
does it propagate action potentials
how often does it divide

what are its functions (5)

A

Found in both CNS and PNS.
• Make up ~50% the volume of the CNS (“glue”).
• Smaller than neurons but more numerous (5-50x)
• Do not propagate action potentials, but can communicate.
• Can divide within the mature nervous system

Functions
• Physical structure of nervous tissue
• Repair framework of nervous tissue
• Undertake phagocytosis
• Nutrient supply to Neurons
• Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue.
206
Q

What are the types of neuroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

microglia

207
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes

A 
a. Star-shaped; largest; most
numerous of neuroglia.
Syncytium network.
b. Support (have microfilaments)
and repair (scar).
c. Communicate with neurons via
‘gliotransmitters’ e.g. glutamate
d. Maintain environment around
neuron by e.g. regulating ions.
e. Maintain blood-brain barrier
via endothelium. Wrap around
vessels and influence their
permeability
208
Q

oligodendrocytes

A 
ii. Oligodendrocytes:
– Form insulating
multilayered myelin sheath
( protein lipid layer) around
CNS axons.
– Can myelinate more than
one neuron cell’s axon.
Accelerate the action
potential.
209
Q

function of microglia

A

resident macrophages, , can do phagocytosis

210
Q

ependymal cells

A 
• Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• Line the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)-filled
ventricles in the brain and the central
canal of the spinal cord.
• These single layer of predominantly
cuboidal cells have cilia (flow) and
microvilli (sampling).
• Located in ventricles and in other locations
where CSF found.
• CSF mechanical buffer; moves nutrients
and waste
211
Q

peripheral nervous system neuroglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia
i. Schwann cells (“PNS version of CNS oligodendrocyte”): form insulating
myelin sheath around axons or can just support and surround several nonmyelinated
axons. (Note: One Schwann cell per axon for myelination but
more axons/cell if just support).
ii. Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies. Support and fluid exchange
(equiv. to astrocytes in CNS).

XIA BIOSCI107 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions