Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

XIA BIOSCI107 > Sweetspots > Flashcards

Sweetspots Flashcards

clean

1
Q

Macrophage

A

phagocytic cells

can be referred to as histiocytes or monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plasma cells

A

antibody producing cells

These are fully matured from the finest B lymphocytes
produces 1 antibody per cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mast Cells

A

brought to you from our finest blood vessels, we introduce mast cell histamine

Mast cells produce histamine that have a role in dilating blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Leucocytes

A

collective name for white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutrophils are phagocytic cells

its different from a macrophage because its a granulocyte, thus it looks like it has multiple nuclei. and macrophages have like a single nucleus (a granulocyte

neutrophils tend to travel a lot more whereas macrophages tend to reside in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basophils

A

like mast cells release substances that intensify the inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

eosinophils

A

effective against certain parasitic worms and in allergic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

megakaryocyte

A

just creates platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

bowman’s cpasule of the kidney, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
inside eye
alveoli of lungs
viceral linings inside blood vessels

Typically systems that involve diffusion or filtration,
or a secretion where slippery things are needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bowman’s capsule tissue type

A

simple squamous

filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lining of cardiovascular and lymphatic system

A

simple squamous,
there’s some diffusion involved in both systems

like capillaries and subclavian stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inside eye

A

simple squamous- serous membrane, needed for secretion of outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

alveoli in lungs

A

simple squamous, there’s diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

visceral cavity lining

A

simple squamous, probably something to do with filtration or secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

blood vessels

A

need to diffuse their nutrients to neighboring cells, so simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

inside heart

A

idk why but its simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mesothelium locations

A

a serous membrane lining body cavity and viscera

the layer of squamous epithelial cells

called: peritoneum, pericardium, pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

A

Think of secretion mostly, absorption can be a bit confusing

Pancreas, parts of kidney tubules, smaller ducts of many glands ,secretory chambers of thyroid, anterior surface of lens, pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina
secretory parts of some glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pancreas duct

A

simple cuboida, its a duct, it secretes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

kidney TUBULE

A

the TUBULE is a really windy thing we did in A2
it “absorbs”, and its like a tube, close to a duct
bam. Simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

smaller ducts of many glands

A

secretion,

simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

anterior surface of lens

A

secretion of tears
SECRETION!
simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina

A

nourishes the retina, SECRETION OF STUFF!!!

simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

secretory part glands of thyroid

A

secretory

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

non-ciliated columnar

A

tend to be similar to cuboidal, except, its usually not like a tube, its like a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ciliated simple columnar

A

cilia main functional role is to waft mucus and oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

gut mucosa

A

non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
thick duct
surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

bigger ducts of glands

A

non-ciliated simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

gall bladder

A

quite a big duct,

simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

fallopian tube

A

ciliated simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

respiratory tract

A

ciliated simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

typically where mechanical or chemical stress severe,

microbes and shit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mouth
throat,
oseophagus

A

mechanical stress of chewing
and eating has chemical stress, thin

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

anus

A

taking a shit takes a lot of mechanical stress

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophagal glands, male urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

stratified columnar

A

part of urethra large ducts, such as oesophageal glands, anal mucosal membrane
part of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

is skeletal muscle multinucleated

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

function of the epimysium

A

fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

function of perimysium

A

fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

whats a fascicle

A

a bundle of skeletal muscles surrounded by a perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

endomysium

A

around muscle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell plasma membrane of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

sarcomere

A

actual unit of muscle myofibril

44
Q

muscle myofibril

A

contractile threads found in muscle fibres

they are made from actin and myosin

45
Q

Z discs

A

are literally sarcomeres

46
Q

Is cardiac muscle multinucleated

A

nope, it only has a single nucleus

47
Q

What are purkynje fibres

A

specialised muscle fibre that conducts electrical activity

they have less myofibrils, but more specialised connexins

48
Q

do cardiac muscle have myofibrils

A

yep

49
Q

what is the protein that links M lines to Z discs

A

Titin-provides resting tension in I band

and molecular string

50
Q

what are striations due to

A

highly organised arrangement of myofibrils in cells

51
Q

Do smooth muscles have myofibrils

A

yes, looks like they do

52
Q

around how many genes that code for protein

A

21306

53
Q

what are germ line mutations

A

every cell in the body has the variant, it can be inherited

54
Q

what are somatic mutations

A

only tissue from the mutated cell has the variant, therefore it usually has localised effects, and are generally not inherited

55
Q

Do genetic variation always result in a phenotype

A

no
because it can depend on the type of genetic variant and what the different combinations of genes and
how they are inherited

56
Q

What is a trait

A

an individual’s genotype determines the range of traits

57
Q

PKU

A

recessive genetic disorder

unable to manufacture enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine-(the enzyme being phenylalanine hydroxylase

increased levels of phenylalanine
can cause disability, seizures, delayed development

58
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

dominant mutation

affects motor, mood, cognition

59
Q

BLOOD GROUPS

A

example of multiple allele inheritance

although you inherit 2 alleles for each gene, they have different forms

60
Q

Complex inheritance

A

skin pigmentation

one phenotype can include many genotypes
one genotype can have may phenotypes
complex traits difficult to follow in a family
range of variation large
number of genes involved unknown
impact of environmental factors not understood

61
Q

Red/green color blindness

A

sex linked

gene for cred green colour blindness is recessive

62
Q

How do these boffins diagnose these people

A 
cells from patient
extract DNA
Prepare DNA for sequencing
sequence
align to a known reference 
identify variations
63
Q

filtering process

A 
total variants
mode of inheritance
population frequency
functional effect
relevant gene
64
Q

what are the benefits of understanding genetic variation in the context of human health

A

better understanding can lead to improved long-term clinical management
treatment options
family planning
relieving uncertainty and anxiety for families
“decreased parental guilt”
helping families gain access to resources and support

65
Q

Ethical considerations

A

You learn about more than just yourself when
you sequence your genome
• Incidental findings
• Sequencing vulnerable populations
• Storage and access of genetic information

66
Q

what is the role of the endomembrane system

A

along with plasma membranes, they work together to package, label and ship molecules

67
Q

The endomembrane system includes 4 organelles

A

1-nucleus
2-endoplasmic reticulum
3-golgi apparatus
4-lysosomes

68
Q

what is included in the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
nucleolus
chromatin

69
Q

membrane proteins are often amphipathic, meaning

A

membrane proteins often have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

70
Q

what is the function of transmembrane proteins

integral membrane proteins

A

integral membrane proteins fully span the entire membrane and contact extracellular and cytoplasmic areas

71
Q

What is one of the obscure things plasma membranes do

A

one thing that looks like a doorknob,
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Fibronectin mediates contact between cell surface integrins and ECM.

72
Q

Nucleolus function

A

rRNA production, assembly of small and large subunits of ribosomes

73
Q

Pores in the nucleus regulates

A

movement of substances (protein and mRNA into and out of the cell)
Molecule segregation allows temporal and spatial control of cell function

74
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA wrapped twice around group of 8 histones. When

75
Q

when multiple nucleosomes combine

A

they become chromatin

76
Q

DNA present as chromatin

A

is usual

77
Q

Why do chromosomes exist?

A

because the condensation of chromosomes package it easier into a nucleus than just chromosomes

78
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

rRNA+protein

79
Q

what does the smooth ER do in the liver

A

houses enzymes for detoxification and glucose release

80
Q

what does the smooth ER do in the muscles

A

release of calcium

81
Q

Lysosomal enzymes plays a role in

A

recycling the enzymes needed for breakdown

82
Q

what is Gaucher’s metabolic disorder

A

when a lipid called glucocereboside is poorly degraded and accumulates in Liver and stuff

83
Q

how many small genomes does the mitochondria carry

A

about 37

84
Q

Chemiososmosis

A

across inner membrane

85
Q

glycolytic electrons from NADH is shuttled into the mitochondria by

A

transferring the electron to either NAD+ or FAD, the latter produces less ATP

86
Q

What direction does the RNA transcript grow from

A

5’ to 3’

87
Q

How often are Housekeeping proteins transcribed relative to the other proteins

A

Housekeeping proteins are more actively transcribed than secretory protein
this means there are more mRNA present in large quantities and typically have a longer half-life in all cells.

88
Q

complementary RNA nucleotides are added to the…of the growing transcript

A

the 3’ end, of the growing transcript,

think, it is added from 5’ to 3’ direction

89
Q

how is a phosphodiesster bond made with the transcript and the incoming nucleotide

A

the 3’ OH of the transcript binds with the 5’ phosphate of the incoming nucleotide

90
Q

how is transcription terminated

A

after transcription of polyadenylation signals, the nyclear enzymes release the pre-mRNA and RNA polymerases then dissociates from DNA

91
Q

How is initiation caused in translation

A

small ribosomal subunits with initiator tRNA already bound binds to 5’ cap of mRNA

92
Q

the codons of the mRNA are translated from

A

5’ to 3’

the ribosome moves along the mRNA from 5’ to 3’ that i guess is the downstream

93
Q

how does translation elongation occur

A

a large subunit rRNA catalyses the peptide bond formation.

GTP invested to increase accuracy/efficiency of codon recognition

94
Q

What is the order of mRNA modification

A

capping, tailing then splicing

95
Q

what is paracrine signalling

A

A hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it

96
Q

insulin from pancreatic beta cells bind to insulin receptors called

A

tyrosine kinase

they initiate a cascade that results in glucose uptake

97
Q

What is usually a feature of the primary messenger in an intracellular receptor process

A

well, they gotta somehow get past the PM

THEY ARE HYDROPHOBIC THEREFORE

98
Q

Is adenylyl cyclase active after the ligand binds to receptor and G protein is activated

A

no

99
Q

When is adenylyl cyclase active

A

when G protein is released from GPCR and contacts adenyl cyclase

100
Q

How does the G protein revert back to its resting state

A

there are GTPase activty promoting its release from enzymes reverting them back to the resting state

101
Q

which 3 aminoacides are activated by kinase

A

tryosine, serine, threonin

serine and threonin more important

102
Q

what does adenylyl cyclase do

A

convert ATP to cAMP

103
Q

What is the calcium ion method of signalling

A

G protein activates phospholipase C
Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3
IP3 diffuses through cytosol and binds to channel in the ER

calcium ions flow out of ER down concentration gradient

104
Q

phosphodiesterase

A

breaks dow cAMP

105
Q

What does caffeine do

A

they block phosphodiesterase

106
Q

cyclin is built up

A

around G2

107
Q

cyclin is broken down

A

about M PHASE

XIA BIOSCI107 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions