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XIA BIOSCI107 > BLOODY HELLFIRE! (blood and immune) > Flashcards

BLOODY HELLFIRE! (blood and immune) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average volume of blood in human

A

5 litres

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2
Q

how many litres circulates through your heart every day

A

140000Litres

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3
Q

Large vessels

A

High volume, low flow

as you can expect, low pressure

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4
Q

Small Vessels

A

Low volume, High flow

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5
Q

Tiny capillaries

A

requires quite high pressures to force blood through

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6
Q

Muscular arteries and valves

A

provide pressurised directional flow from lungs to tissue and organs

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7
Q

blood pressure ensures

A

even and efficient flow through small capillaries

Low enough to prevent capillary leakage, but high enough to avoid coagulation

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8
Q

Major components of blood

A 
blood Cells
Proteins
Lipids
electrolytes
vitamins
glucose
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9
Q

The lipids in blood are

A

bound in lipoproteins

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10
Q

proteins are

A

albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins and the major ones

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11
Q

what is the buffy coat composed of

A

white blood cells and platelets

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12
Q

What is the percentage of plasma in blood

A

55%

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13
Q

What is the percentage of red blood cells in blood

A

45%

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14
Q

Plasma

A

contains fibrinogen, that is removed with coagulation

it is the viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells

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15
Q

Serum

A

less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot

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16
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

is a form of leukaemia where a malignant lymphocyte produces monoclonal (immunoglobins)

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17
Q

How is multiple myeloma diagnosed

A

through serum electrophoresis

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18
Q

What is the functional role of albumin

A

it constitutes 50% of total blood protein and transports many small molecules and hormones

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19
Q

fibrinogen

A

constitutes 7% of total blood protein, activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin

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20
Q

Immunoglobins

A

produce antibodies, and includes diverse amounts of antigen binding proteins, produced by blood lymphocytes

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21
Q

Complement proteins

A

proteins that coat bacteria, targeting them for phagocytosis,

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22
Q

Opsonisation

A

is the molecular mechanism whereby molecules, microbes, or apoptotic cells are chemically modified to have a stronger attraction to the cell surface receptors on phagocytes and NK cells.

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23
Q

Coagulation factors

A

proteins that cause cascade to change fibrinogen into fibrin

these 13 proteins are cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in fibrinogen into fibrin

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24
Q

What is essential for coagulation

A

Calcium 2+

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25
Q

What is haemophilia a result of

A

FACTOR VIII deficiency

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26
Q

Electrolytes, isotonicity and buffering

A

blood pH is very tightly maintained at 7.4, Free Calcium ions and potassium ions.

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27
Q

How are electrolytes maintained

A

these are tightly maintained for regulation of cell membrane channels, ion pumps and normal nerve and muscle function such as heart

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28
Q

CD34

A

surface antigen marker on haemopoietic stem cells (aka as Autologous stem cells)

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29
Q

3 important factors that drive haematopoeisis

A

GM-CSF
EPO
G-CSF

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30
Q

GM-CSF

A

is a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

it produces neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes

these are produced by macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

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31
Q

EPO

A

Drives production of erythrocytes

it is produced mainly by the kidney during adulthood and liver

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32
Q

G-CSF

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
produced by many different cells

stimulates production of granulocytes, but also acts to mature neutrophils

33
Q

The association and dissociation of oxygen from heme isregulated by

A

the partial pressure of oxygen

34
Q

What is Complement

A

a proteolytic activation cascade and is essential for innate immunity

35
Q

what is the most abundant complement component in serum

A

C3

36
Q

How many pathyways can activate complement

A

3 different pathways

37
Q

the classical pathway for complement is mediated by

A

antibodies IgM or IgG binding to a microbe surface which is then bound by complement C1

38
Q

dEPOSITION OF COMPLEMENT IS ESSENTAIL FOR

A

Phagocytosis

39
Q

Deposited complexes are called

A

convertases, they activate more complement that then deposits to coat the surface

40
Q

Convertases are irreversibly

A

bound through a covalent bond

41
Q

what are C3, C4,C5

A

i think they are complements

42
Q

What is the role of C3, C4 and C5

A

PRODUCE SMALL FRAGMENTS, like C3a, C4a and C5a,

which are classed as anaphylotoxins, (chemoattractant class)they attract and activate neutrophils

43
Q

What is the most powerful complement

A

C5

44
Q

What happens at the end stage of complement (C5 onwards)

A

forms a lytic pore that cause some bacteria to lyse, this is the membrane attack complex or MACS

45
Q

What happens when people have deficiencies in a complement component

A

They are more susceptible to chronic infections

46
Q

Many microbes produce proteins called

A

virulence factors,

they inhibit the complement cascade

47
Q

What kind of cascade is coagulation

A

a proteolytic activation cascade

48
Q

what are the 2 pathways for activation

A

intrinsic caused by contact with surfaces

extrinsic caused by tissue damage

49
Q

what is the key enzyme common to both the coagulation pathways

A

factor X

50
Q

what is an essential mineral for coagulation

A

calcium

51
Q

what is thrombin

A

the enzyme that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin, which cross-links

52
Q

what is the process of thrombolysis

A

plasminogen converted to active plasmin and dissolves the clot

53
Q

what are plasminogen activators widely used for

A

reatment of thrombosis, myocardial, PE, DVT

54
Q

innate immunity-roughly what is it?

What does it do

A

It seems to roughly be the ability to discriminate between self cells and non-self cells

Innate immunity provides our first-line or immediate response to pathogens

55
Q

What are the 3 interlinked processes of innate immunity

A

Complement
Myeloid cells and phagocytosis(neutrophils and macrophages)
Pattern recognition receptors

56
Q

What is the defence strategy with Viruses

A

viruses are intracellular pathogens

Defence relies on cellular immunity-you need to distinguish infected cells from normal cels

57
Q

Bacteria are mostly extracellular pathogens

A

defence is primarily mediated by innate mechanisms and phagocytosis

58
Q

Protozoa and parasites

A

sometimes these are complex multicellular organisms that require direct killng by chemical mediators released by specialised myeloid cells

“Spray and it goes away”

59
Q

What are 2 main types of bacteria

A

gram positive and gram negative

60
Q

what are the features of Gram positive bacteria

A

gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall as a defense

requires phagocytosis, can’t be killed directly by complement

61
Q

What are features of Gram negative bacteria

A

they have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane

These bacteria can often be killed directly by complement membrane attack complex

62
Q

What are some other features of Gram negative bacteria

A

They have an outer membrane, which appears to absent in Gram-positive bacteria

They also seem to have an outer membrane.

and periplasmic space

63
Q

What does neutrophil extravasation mean

A

basically meaning movement of a neutrophil out of the circulatory system and towards site of tissue damage

64
Q

what is the process of neutrophil extravasation

A 
Activation
Tethering
Adhesion
Diapadesis
Chemotaxis
65
Q

What happens during activation(Neutrophil extraversation)

A

Chemokines from tissue injury or inflamation activate the local endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary wall

66
Q

What happens during tethering of neutrophil extraversation

A

neutrophil tethers to the inside capillary wall. Mediated by selectins upregulated on endothelial cells and a carbohydrate antigen on neutrophils called sialyl Lewis X

67
Q

What happens during adhesion of neutrophil extraversation

A

there is strong binding between neutrophil integrins and ICAM-1 on the endothelium

at this point, the Neutrophil immobilises and flattens

68
Q

Diapadesis of neutrophil extraversation

A

neutrophil squeezes between endothelial cells into the interstitial space

69
Q

What happens during chemotaxis

A

Neutrophil migrates along a chemical gradient to the site of infection

70
Q

Neutrophil phagocytosis

process

A

Chemoattractants such as C5a are being released that radiate away from the bacteria and are sensed by the leading edge of the neutrophil

Neutrophils migrate up the chemoattractatnt gradient and polymerises actin filaments at their leading edge and de-polymerizes those filaments at the trailing edge

Neutrophils have receptors that bind deposited complement proteins on the surface

71
Q

What are complement receptors

A

Myeloid cell receptors that bind activated complement components deposited on bacteria,

these include CR1, CR2, CR3and CR4

72
Q

What is the main neutrophil receptor

A

CR1, it binds to C3b

73
Q

What is the 7 step process for FcR antibody mediated phagocytosis

A

Antibody bind to bacterial antigens

they expose the antibody Fc region

Neutrophil FcR binds multivalent Fc

activates phagocytosis

Membrane invaginates forming a phagosome

fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome

phagolysosome acidifies and superoxides kill bacteria

74
Q

What binds complex molecules that are unique to microbes

A

pattern recognition receptors

75
Q

Why is molecular pattern recognition am important innate mechanism

A

I’m guessing because it activates strong pathways for inflammation

76
Q

What are pathogen associated molecular patterns

A

molecules unique to microbes recognised by PRRs

77
Q

what are 2 features of PAMPs

A

structurally very complex

and are evolutionary stable

78
Q

What do PAMPs do

A

they stimulate the power switch for the adaptive response

XIA BIOSCI107 (5 decks)

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