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Microbiology > XI, the Immune Response > Flashcards

XI, the Immune Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ability to ward off diseases through body defenses.

A

Resistance

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2
Q

Lack of resistance

A

Susceptibility

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3
Q

All body defenses that protect the host against any kind of pathogen.

A

Non-specific resistance

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4
Q

Defenses (antibodies and T-cells) against specific microorganisms.

A

Specific resistance or immunity

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5
Q

These protect the body against microbial penetration.

A

Skin and keratin

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6
Q

Protects the eyes from irritating substances and microbes.

A

Tears

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7
Q

Washes organisms from teeth and gums.

A

Saliva

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8
Q

Traps microorganisms that enter the respiratory and GI tracts

A

Mucus

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9
Q

Moves mucus up and out of lower respiratory tract.

A

Ciliary escalator

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10
Q

Moves microbes out of the urinary tract.

A

Urine

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11
Q

Moves microorganisms out of the vaginal tract.

A

Vaginal secretions

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12
Q

Contains unsaturated fatty acids, which inhibit pathogenic bacteria.

A

Sebum

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13
Q

Washes microbes off of the skin

A

Perspiration

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14
Q

This is found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions and perspiration

A

Lysozyme

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15
Q 
High acidity (pH 1.2-3.0) prevents microbial growth in the
stomach.
A

Gastric juice

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16
Q

Change the environment which can prevent the growth of pathogens.

A

Normal microbiota

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17
Q

Activated by bacterial components such as lipid A of gram- bacteria.

A

Leukocytes and phagocytic cells

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18
Q

Important phagocytic cells
Become wandering macrophages
Fixed macrophages

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Mast cells

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19
Q

Predominate during the early stages of infection;

whereas monocytes predominate when infection subsides.

A

Granulocytes

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20
Q

The accumulation of damaged tissue and dead microbes,

granulocytes and macrophages.

A

Pus

21
Q

Bodily response to cell damage; it is characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling, and sometimes loss of function.

A

Inflammation

22
Q

Caused by release of histamine, kinins and prostaglandins and
results in increased permeability of blood vessels.

A

Vasodilation

23
Q

Produced in response to bacterial or viral infection; bacterial
endotoxins and interleukin-1 can induce it.

A

Fever

24
Q

Indicates rising body temperature

Indicates falling body temperature

A

Chill

Sweating

25
Q

Composed of a group of serum proteins that activate one another to destroy invading microorganisms. C3 activation can result in cell lysis, inflammation and opsonization.

A

Complement system

Complement deficiencies can result in increased susceptibility of diseases.

26
Q

Antiviral proteins produced in response to viral infections. 3 types are alpha,beta, and gamma. Alpha and beta induce uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) that prevent viral replication. Host cell specific but not virus specific.

A

Interferons (IFNs)

27
Q

Ability of the body to specifically counteract foreign organisms or substances (antigens). Results from the production of antibodies and specialized lymphocytes. An individual’s resistance is affected by gender, age, nutritional status and general health.

A

Immunity

28
Q

An individual’s genetically predetermined resistance to certain diseases.

A

Innate immunity

29
Q

Specific resistance to infection developed during the life of the individual. Such may be developed or acquired after birth.

A

Acquired immunity

30
Q

Immunity resulting from

infection that is long-lasting.

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

31
Q

Antibodies transferred from a mother to a fetus (transplacental transfer) or to a newborn. This can last up to a few months.

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

32
Q

Immunity resulting from vaccination, can be long-lasting. Vaccines can be prepared from attenuated, inactivated or killed microorganisms or toxoids.

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

33
Q

Preformedantibodies produced from human or animal sources are injected into a susceptible individual to confer quick but short-lived (a few weeks) type of immunity.

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

34
Q

Found in body fluids like plasma, tears, colostrums,etc. Antibodies are produced by B cells in response to a specific antigen. Antibodies primarily defend against bacteria, viruses and toxins in blood plasma and lymph.

A

Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Compartment of the immune system

35
Q

Due to certain types of lymphocytes, depends on T cells and does not involve
antibody production. Primarily a response to intracellular viruses,
multicellular parasites, transplanted tissue and cancer cells.

A

Cellular compartment of the immune system

36
Q

A chemical substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T-cells. Foreign substances that are not part of the body’s chemistry. Most are proteins, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins or large polysaccharides with molecular weight greater than 10,000.
Have many different determinant groups on their surface that incite antibody response.

A

Antigen (immunogen)

37
Q

Low molecular weight substances that combine with an antibody but cannot cause antibody formation unless combined with carrier molecules.

A

Hapten

38
Q

A protein, specifically an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B cells in response to the presence of an antigen and is capable of combining specifically with the antigen.

A

Antibody

39
Q

Antibody structure?

A

Has two identical antigen-binding sites, bivalent antibody-monomer. Composed of four polypeptide chains- 2 heavy and 2 light chains. Within each chain is a Variable (V) region, where antigen binding occurs and a Constant (C) region, which serves as the basis for distinguishing the classes of antibodies. Monomer is Y or T-shaped, V form the tips and the C form the base and the Fc fragment. Fc region can attach to host cell or complement.

40
Q

Immunoglobin that is most prevalent in the serum, produced later during infection but long-lasting. Neutralize bacterial toxins and enhance phagocytosis.

A

IgG

41
Q

Immunoglobin that consists of five monomers held by a joining chain. Produced early during infection and short-lived.

A

IgM

42
Q

Serum immunoglobin of this are monomers.

Secretory are dimers that protect mucosal surfaces (e.g. GIT) from invasion of pathogens.

A

IgA

43
Q

Antigen receptors on B cells.

A

IgD

44
Q

Bind to mast cells and basophils. Are involved in allergic reactions.

A

IgE

45
Q

Immunity that involves specialized lymphocytes called T cells, which respond to intracellular antigens.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

46
Q

Classified according to their functions and cell-surface receptors called CDs.

A

T cells

47
Q

Antigen must be processed by this, and positioned on its surface.

A

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

48
Q

Consists of cell-surface proteins that are unique to each individual and provide self-molecules

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

49
Q

How does cell-mediated immunity work?

A

A T Cell recognizes antigens in association with MHC on an APC causing the APC to release IL-1(Interleukin 1), which serves as a chemical communicator between
leukocytes. After binding to the APC, helper T cells (TH) or CD4 cells secrete IL-2 to activate
other helper T cells. Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) or CD8 cells release perforin to lyse cells carrying the target antigen and MHC. Suppressor T cells (Ts) regulate the immune response.

Microbiology (8 decks)

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