Metabolism Flashcards
Catabolism
Breaking down molecules
Hydrolysis
Exergonic
Function as organic catalysts. Active sites bind to substrates, speed up but not used up in a chemical reaction. Genetically determined.
Enzymes
Lowers activation energy, lock and key relationship. End in -ase. Named after substrate or type of reactions catalyzed.
Inactive if not bound to one or more of the nonprotein cofactors.
Apoenzyme
Either inorganic ions or certain organic molecules called coenzymes (all coenzymes are either vitamins or contain vitamins
Cofactors
The combination of a proteinaceous apoenzyme with one or more cofactors
Holoenzyme
Nonprotein catalysts. A type of RNA that acts like an enzyme.
Ribozymes
Removes sections of RNA and splices them back together. Used experimentally to treat disease.
Accelerate reaction rates without being permanently changed.
Catalysts.
Turnover number of substrate molecules converted per second is usually between 1-10,000
Transported extracellularly when they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals (penicillinase). Sometimes referred to as virulence factors; pathogens secrete things that help them colonize host tissue
Exoenzymes
Retained intercellularly and function in metabolic pathways
Endoenzymes
Catalytic cycle
Substrate+enzyme>
enzyme-substrate complex>
Product+enzyme
Anabolism
Making molecules
Dehydration synthesis
Condensation
Endergonic
Induced fit model
The enzyme adjusts slightly to the substrate following initial recognition
Factors affecting enzyme activity?
Environment: temp, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations
Enzyme inhibitors
Activator+allosteric site?
Inhibitor+allosteric site?
Active conformation
Inactive conformation
End product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the first enzyme
Feedback inhibition
Redox reactions
Oxidation
Reduction
Partial or complete loss of electrons
Partial or complete gain of electrons reducing the positive charge
ATP components
Adenine, nitrogenous base
Ribose, five carbon sugar
Chain of three phosphate groups
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid with the production of some ATP and energy containing NADH.
Glycolysis
Oxidation of acetyl to CO2 with the production of some ATP and energy-containing FADH2
Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle
Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to produce lots of ATP
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis in eukaryotes
Electrons are transported from the cytoplasm across the mitochondria not matrix by use of 2 ATP which reduces the overall output of ATP in the cell to 36 ATP
Glycolysis in prokaryotes
Glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle occur in the cytosol so there is no loss of ATP, and cells have a net gain of 38 ATP.
Found in the plasma membrane of bacteria, mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. Mostly proteins with metallic cofactors (prosthetic groups). From least electronegativity to highest. O2 final electron acceptor.
Carrier molecules in the pathway of electron transport. Generates a proton gradient, proton motive force.
Coupling electron flow to ATP synthesis.
Chemiosmosis