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Microbiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down molecules
Hydrolysis
Exergonic

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2
Q

Function as organic catalysts. Active sites bind to substrates, speed up but not used up in a chemical reaction. Genetically determined.

A

Enzymes

Lowers activation energy, lock and key relationship. End in -ase. Named after substrate or type of reactions catalyzed.

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3
Q

Inactive if not bound to one or more of the nonprotein cofactors.

A

Apoenzyme

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4
Q

Either inorganic ions or certain organic molecules called coenzymes (all coenzymes are either vitamins or contain vitamins

A

Cofactors

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5
Q

The combination of a proteinaceous apoenzyme with one or more cofactors

A

Holoenzyme

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6
Q

Nonprotein catalysts. A type of RNA that acts like an enzyme.

A

Ribozymes

Removes sections of RNA and splices them back together. Used experimentally to treat disease.

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7
Q

Accelerate reaction rates without being permanently changed.

A

Catalysts.

Turnover number of substrate molecules converted per second is usually between 1-10,000

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8
Q

Transported extracellularly when they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals (penicillinase). Sometimes referred to as virulence factors; pathogens secrete things that help them colonize host tissue

A

Exoenzymes

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9
Q

Retained intercellularly and function in metabolic pathways

A

Endoenzymes

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10
Q

Catalytic cycle

A

Substrate+enzyme>
enzyme-substrate complex>
Product+enzyme

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11
Q

Anabolism

A

Making molecules
Dehydration synthesis
Condensation
Endergonic

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12
Q

Induced fit model

A

The enzyme adjusts slightly to the substrate following initial recognition

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13
Q

Factors affecting enzyme activity?

A

Environment: temp, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations

Enzyme inhibitors

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14
Q

Activator+allosteric site?

Inhibitor+allosteric site?

A

Active conformation

Inactive conformation

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15
Q

End product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the first enzyme

A

Feedback inhibition

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16
Q

Redox reactions

Oxidation

Reduction

A

Partial or complete loss of electrons

Partial or complete gain of electrons reducing the positive charge

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17
Q

ATP components

A

Adenine, nitrogenous base
Ribose, five carbon sugar
Chain of three phosphate groups

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18
Q

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid with the production of some ATP and energy containing NADH.

A

Glycolysis

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19
Q

Oxidation of acetyl to CO2 with the production of some ATP and energy-containing FADH2

A

Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle

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20
Q

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to produce lots of ATP

A

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

Glycolysis in eukaryotes

A

Electrons are transported from the cytoplasm across the mitochondria not matrix by use of 2 ATP which reduces the overall output of ATP in the cell to 36 ATP

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22
Q

Glycolysis in prokaryotes

A

Glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle occur in the cytosol so there is no loss of ATP, and cells have a net gain of 38 ATP.

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23
Q

Found in the plasma membrane of bacteria, mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. Mostly proteins with metallic cofactors (prosthetic groups). From least electronegativity to highest. O2 final electron acceptor.

A

Carrier molecules in the pathway of electron transport. Generates a proton gradient, proton motive force.

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24
Q

Coupling electron flow to ATP synthesis.

A

Chemiosmosis

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25
Q

Synthesis of macromolecules utilizing intermediates of glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle yielding amino acids, carbs, lipids, and nuclei acids

A

Amphibolic pathways

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26
Q

Conditions affecting microbial life?

A

Nutrients and energy sources, temperature, moisture, gases, osmotic pressure, pH, light, other organisms

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27
Q

Chemical substances are acquired from the environment and used for cell growth and metabolism

A

Nutrients

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28
Q

Required in relatively large quantities for structure and metabolism. These elements compromise 96% of the cell.

A

Macronutrients.

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur.

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29
Q

Trace elements. Required in small quantities for enzyme and pigment structure/function.

A

Micronutrients

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30
Q

Contain carbon atoms and are usually the products of living things

A

Organic nutrients

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31
Q

A simple atom or molecule that has no carbon atom in its structure, with the exception of CO2

A

Inorganic nutrients

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32
Q

Obtain carbon from organic matter from other life forms

A

Heterotrophs

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33
Q

Obtain carbon from CO2 which is then converted into organic compound

A

Autotrophs

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34
Q

Carbon?

A

Used for all cellular structures and processes.

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35
Q

Nitrogen

A

Mostly in the form of N2, nitrogen gas from the atmosphere. Some bacteria can utilize it from other sources. Must be converted to NH3 to combine with carbon.

Major component of proteins and nucleic acids.

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36
Q

Oxygen

A

From the atmosphere and/or organic salts (sulfates, phosphates, nitrates)

Major component of organic compounds such as lipids, carbs, proteins

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37
Q

Hydrogen

A

Organic compounds such as H2O, salts, and certain naturally occurring gases

Maintains pH, forms hydrogen bonds in macros, prime energy force in redox reactions of cellular respiration

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38
Q

Phosphorous

A

Inorganic phosphate (PO4), derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4), found in rocks and oceanic mineral deposits

Key component of nucleic acids, phospholipids in cell membranes and coenzymes.

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39
Q

Sulfur

A

Widely distributed in the environment in mineral form, as SO4, sulfides, hydrogen sulfide has, and elemental sulfur, found in organic substances like essential amino acids, certain vitamins.

Structural stability and shape of proteins by forming unique covalent linkages called disulfide bonds.

40
Q

Potassium

A

Essential to protein synthesis and membrane function

41
Q

Sodium

A

Used in some types of cell transport

42
Q

Calcium

A

Stabilizer of the cell wall and endospores of bacteria

43
Q

Magnesium

A

Component of chlorophyll, stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes, important in cell energy reactions

TSS, tampons absorb mag from the vaginal mucus, S. aureus produce the toxin for TSS

44
Q

Iron

A

Component of cytochrome pigments (electron transport chain)

High blood levels allow increased faster growth of bacteria, hemochromatosis a genetic disease of Europeans
Low levels mean diphtheria bacillus produces its toxin, agent of bubonic plague, Yersinia pestis, more virulent, immune system compromised

45
Q

Zinc

A

The fungus Aspergillus requires large amounts to produce aflatoxins, induce hepatoma, and related liver diseases

46
Q

An organic compound such as an amino acid or a vitamin that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient. Most parasites lack the ability to synthesize all needed organic compounds from raw materials

A

Growth factors

47
Q

Use light and CO2

A

Photoautotroph

Photosynthetic bacteria

48
Q

Used electrons from reduced inorganic compounds and CO2

A

Chemoautotroph

H, S, Fe, and nitrifying bacteria

49
Q

Uses electrons from H atoms in organic compounds and organic compounds for Caron

A

Chemoheterotroph

All animals, most fungi, Protozoa, bacteria

50
Q

Cold loving, range from -15C to 15C, rarely pathogenic

A

Psychrophiles

51
Q

Grow slowly at low temps, better at 20-30C, causes food spoilage, Listeria monocytogenes and S. aureus in fridges

A

Psychrotrophs

52
Q

Moderate temp loving, from 10-50C, optimum temp at 20-40C. Most human pathogens prefer 30-40C

A

Mesophiles

53
Q

Microbes that survive under short exposures to high temps. Contaminants of heated foods. Often cyst forming, spore forming, or thick walled organisms.

A

Thermoduric

54
Q

Heat loving. Range is 45-85C. Most are spore forming species of Bacillus and Clostridium, a small number are pathogens.

A

Thermophiles

55
Q

Archaea in deep sea and hydrothermal vents

A

Hyperthemophiles

56
Q

Important respiratory has and powerful oxidizing agent that is toxic in many forms

A

Oxygen

57
Q

Produced by phagocytes to kill invading bacteria. Its build up can damage and destroy a cell.

A

Singlet oxygen, 1O2.

58
Q

Destructive, metabolic products of oxygen. Most cells are equipped with enzymes that neutralize these products, those that do not are anaerobic.

A

Superoxide ion (O2-), peroxides, hydroxides

59
Q

Capable of growth in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen is metabolized by aerobic respiration when present. When absent it uses an anaerobic mode of metabolism.

A

Facultative anaerobe.

60
Q

Do not utilize oxygen but survive in the presence of it because they can break down todo oxygen by alternate pathways.

A

Aertolerant anaerobes (facultative aerobes)

61
Q

Requires a small amount of oxygen, less than 10%. Most live in places such as soil, water, or the body where they are not exposed directly to the atmosphere.

A

Microaerophiles.

Lumpy jaw, syphillis, H. pylori

62
Q

All microbes require some but these types grow best at higher CO2 levels than is normally present in the atmosphere. Candle jar special CO2 incubation procedures

A

Capnophiles

Streptococcus pneumoniae

63
Q

Optimum pH for most microbes

A

Between 6 and 8. Most human pathogens grow optimally from 6.4 to 7.5. Human blood is 7.35.

64
Q

Bacteria that decompose urine create alkaline conditions since ammonium may be produce when urea is decomposed.

A

Alkalinophiles

65
Q

Live in solutions that have a high solute concentration. Can grow and spoil food.

A

Osmophiles

66
Q

Bacteria that live under high pressures, like deep-sea microbes.

A

Barophiles

67
Q

One benefits from the obligate relationship, the other is neither harmed nor benefitted.

A

Commensalism.

68
Q

One organism harms the other

A

Parasitism

69
Q

Two organisms complementing each other to produce more pronounced effect than when one of them is present alone.

A

Synergism

70
Q

One organism inhibits the other

A

Antagonism

71
Q

Media with chemical components that are known with exact specifications.

A

Defined media.

72
Q

Media with components that are not chemically analyzed but have been proven to support growth. Malt, soy, yeast extract

A

Complex media

73
Q

Stores cultures for short periods of times, weeks. 2-4C

A

Refrigeration

74
Q

Stores cultures for years -20C

A

Freezing

75
Q

Stores cultures in liquid nitrogen stores indefinitely, -70C

A

Deep-freezing

76
Q

Storing cultures in a freeze-drying process in vacuum, stores for decades. Vaccines.

A

Lyophilization

77
Q

Newly inoculated cells require an adjustment period of enlargement and synthesis. The cells are not yet multiplying at their maximum rate. The population is sparse and dilute, sampling error.

A

Lag phase of growth

78
Q

Period of maximum activity in microbial growth

A

Exponential growth phase

79
Q

Microbial growth phase when factors become limited for additional growth because lack of food or space, as well as accumulation of wastes.

A

Stationary phase.

80
Q

Microbial growth stage when limiting factors intensify, cell die at the rate they multiply.

A

Death phase

81
Q

Direct methods of measuring bacterial growth

A

Standard Plate Count, membrane filtration, most probable number, direct microscopic count

82
Q

Genetic method of recovering and identifying unculturable organisms, especially prokaryotes. More prok species have been added into data bases and refined their taxidermy in the process.

A

Genetic prospecting.

Uses polymerase chain reaction

83
Q

The study of the genes and inheritance.

The sum total of genetic material of the cell.

A

Genetics

Genome

84
Q

Contain hundreds of genes that are composed of DNA.

Found in nucleoid and plasmids in prokaryotes. In the nucleus and extra chromosomal DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes.

A

Chromosomes.

85
Q

Specific segments of the DNA molecule that code for a protein associated with cell functions. Replicate. Transcribed as RNA. Specific peptides/proteins that function as enzymes, antibodies, or structural proteins.

A

Genes

86
Q

Small molecules of circular DNA that replicate independently. Not essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction.

A

Plasmids.

Can confer survival advantages like fertility, resistance, bacteriocin factors, virulence plasmids.

87
Q

Monomeric units that make up nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Composed of pentode sugar, deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA. Phosphate group. Nitrogenous bases.

A

Nucleotides.

88
Q

Cytosine and thymine in DNA

Cytosine and uracil in RNA

A

Pyrimidine nitrogenous bases

89
Q

Adenine and guanine

A

Purine nitrogenous bases

90
Q

Antiparallel strands with one strand running from 5’ to 3’ direction and the other running opposite from 3’ to 5’

A

DNA. The 5’ end bears a free PO4 group, 3’ bears a free OH group. Two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that dictate base pairing rule. A-T. G-C.

91
Q

Organism’s genetic makeup

The expression of observable traits the genetic makeup puts out

A

Genotype

Phenotype

92
Q

A specific segment of DNA containing structural genes, promoter region, operator, and regulatory “I” gene

A

Operon

Inducible operons like the lactose operon are normally off but are turned on by an inducer substrate.
Repressive operons govern anabolism and are usually on, but can be shut off when the end product is no longer needed.

93
Q

Dark repair or excision repair of mutations

A

Does not require light. Four important enzymes:
Endonuclease cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone. Exonuclease removes the damaged nucleotides. DNA polymerase inserts correct bases. Ligase seals the backbone.

94
Q

rRNA

A

Forms ribosomes

95
Q

tRNA

A

delivers amino acids to ribosomes

96
Q

mRNA

A

Carries information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes

Microbiology (8 decks)

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