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Microbiology > X, Human Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

X, Human Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Science dealing with the study of diseases.

A

Pathology

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2
Q

Entry of an infectious agent into the host.

A

Infection

Colonization

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3
Q

Invasion by an infectious agent resulting in the manifestation of signs and symptoms in the host.

A

Disease

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4
Q

Objective changes in the host as observed and measured by a physician (e.g. blood pressure, fever etc.)

A

Signs

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5
Q

Changes in bodily function felt by the patient (e.g. pain, malaise)

A

Symptoms

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6
Q

A specific group of signs and symptoms accompanying a particular disease. (e.g. AIDS)

A

Syndrome

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7
Q

The cause of an infectious disease process, the causative agent.

A

Etiology

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8
Q

Manner by which a disease develops. (mechanisms and

microbe-host dynamics)

A

Pathogenesis

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9
Q

A relationship in which microbes establish permanent residence in the host without producing disease.

A

Symbiosis

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10
Q

Normal microbiota prevent overgrowth of pathogens by competing for nutrients and producing inhibitory substances such as bacteriocins produced by E. coli against Salmonella and Shigella.

A

Microbial antagonism

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11
Q

A symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism while the other is not affected.

A

Commensalism

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12
Q

A relationship in which both organisms are benefited.

A

Mutualism

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13
Q

A relationship in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of another.

A

Parasitism

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14
Q

A harmless organism becomes pathogenic due to the

suppression of normal microbiota or when host’s immune response is impaired.

A

Opportunism

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15
Q

Two microbes acting together have greater effect than either acting alone (e.g. Mycoplasma infected cells are susceptible to death from viral
infections).

A

Syngergism

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16
Q

Koch’s postulates must be fulfilled in order to demonstrate that a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease

A

The same pathogen must always be present in every case of the disease.
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host in pure culture on artificial media.
The pathogen recovered in pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal.
The pathogen must be isolated from the infected animal again and must be shown to be the same pathogen as the original organism.

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17
Q

Spread of disease directly or indirectly from one host to another (e.g. tuberculosis)

A

Communicable diseases

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18
Q

Disease caused by microbes that cannot be spread from one host to another (e.g. tetanus via rusty nail)

A

Non-communicable diseases

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19
Q

Diseases that are easily spread from one person to another (e.g. flu)

A

Contagious disease

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20
Q

Fraction of the population (number of new cases/total

population) experiencing the disease during a certain period of time (e.g. 5-years of AIDS in the U.S., 2001-2005)

A

Incidence of a disease

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21
Q

Fraction of the population that has the disease at a given time (e.g. influenza during in winter)

A

Prevalence of a disease

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22
Q

Occasional occurrence of a disease (e.g. Legionnaire’s disease occurring at the American Legion Convention)

A

Sporadic

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23
Q

Constantly present in the population (e.g. Malaria is in Africa)

A

Endemic

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24
Q

Occurrence of disease beyond the normal experience of the population within a short period of time (e.g. cholera in Bangladesh after the tsunami)

A

Epidemic

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25
Q

Develops rapidly and lasts for a short time (e.g. Influenza)

A

Acute disease

26
Q 
Develops slowly but continuous and recurrent for long periods
of time (e.g. leprosy)
A

Chronic disease

27
Q

A category falling in between acute and chronic disease

e.g. bacterial endocarditis –SBE

A

Subacute infection

28
Q 
Pathogen is inactive for some time but becomes active later to
produce symptoms (e.g. genital herpes)
A

Latent infection

29
Q

A phenomenon when many people in the community are

immune to a certain disease (e.g. milkmaids vs. smallpox)

A

Herd immunity

30
Q

Diseases that are new or changing, showing an

increase incidence in recent past or a potential for increase in the future (e.g. E. coli O157:H7)

A

Emerging infectious diseases

31
Q

Invading microbes are limited to a small area of the body (e.g. boils and pimples)

A

Local infection

32
Q

A local infection/microbes that spreads to other parts of the body via the blood and lymphatic system (e.g. Streptococcus sanguis introduced during a dental procedure)

A

Focal infection

Systemic or generalized infection

33
Q

Presence of bacteria in the blood
Rapid multiplication of bacteria in the blood
Presence of toxins in the blood

A

Bacteremia
Septicemia
Toxemia

34
Q

Acute infection causing the initial illness (e.g. Flu)

A

Primary infection

35
Q

Caused by an opportunist after the primary infection

weakened the host’s defenses (e.g. pneumonia after the flu)

A

Secondary infection

36
Q

Gender, genetic background, climate, age and nutrition = any factor that can greatly affect the occurrence of diseases in individuals.

A

Predisposing factors

37
Q

Time between onset of infection and the appearance of

signs and symptoms.

A

Incubation period

38
Q

Follows incubation period (in some diseases) as mild

symptoms of the disease.

A

Prodromal period

39
Q

Overt signs and symptoms appear.

A

Period of illness

40
Q

Signs and symptoms subside

A

Period of decline

41
Q

Patient regains his pre-diseased state.

A

Period of convalescence

42
Q

Continual source of the pathogen (e.g. animal or fomites)

A

Reservoir of infection

43
Q

People harboring pathogens and transmitting these to others.

If they are diseased they are obvious transmitters. If asymptomatic, carriers.

A

Human reservoirs

44
Q

Wild and domestic animals that serve as sources of pathogens causing zoonotic infections.
Through direct contact, contaminated food and water, consumption of infected animal products, insect
borne, or contact with contaminated fur or hide.

A

Animal reservoirs

45
Q

Soil (e.g. tetanus), water contaminated with human

and animal feces (e.g. Salmonellosis)

A

Nonliving reservoirs

46
Q

Transmission involving kissing, handshaking, bites or sexual intercourse.

A

Direct contact

47
Q

Transmission in which agents of disease are spread over short distances, less than a meter. e.g. droplets of saliva or mucus from coughing sneezing.

A

Droplet infection

48
Q

Transmission that involves an inanimate object such as drinking cup or soiled linen, also called fomites.

A

Indirect contact

49
Q

Inanimate reservoirs such as food, water or blood that

serve as means of transmission of disease.

A

Vehicle transmission

50
Q

Microbes in droplet nuclei or on dust carried over

distances beyond 1 meter (e.g. spores of fungi)

A

Airborne transmission

51
Q

Arthropods that carry pathogens from host to another.

A

Vectors

52
Q

Insects like flies that carry pathogens on their hairy bodies to food that is later swallowed by the host.

A

Mechanical vectors

53
Q

Pathogens develop inside the insect and transmitted by bite or feces introduced into the bite wound.

A

Biological vectors

54
Q

Routes by which a pathogen leaves the body (e.g. feces)

A

Portals of exit

55
Q

.Most often caused by opportunistic pathogens on compromised patients due to broken skin or mucous membrane, suppressed immune system, impaired cell defense.
Previously caused by gram+ bacteria, gram- such as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli now predominate. The emergence of MRSA and VRE has complicated the problem.

A

Nosocomial infections

56
Q

Science which deals with the study of the frequency and spread of occurrence of diseases.

A

Epidemiology

57
Q

Involves the collection of data such as geographical distribution, demographics, and the causative agent (where and when the disease occurred in the population)

A

Descriptive epidemiology

58
Q

Epidemiologists look for common factors among the affected individuals in the population that might have preceded the disease outbreak.

A

Analytical epidemiology

59
Q

Tests a hypothesis by experimentation (e.g. clinical trials for Ciprofloxacin using a double-blind study)

A

Experimental epidemiology

60
Q

Central source for epidemiological information in the U.S. Publishes the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MWWR), which contains data about the morbidity (relative incidence of the disease) and mortality (deaths from a disease)

A

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia

61
Q

Those that physicians must report to the U.S. Public Health Service=USPHS. (e.g. anthrax, typhoid fever). The CDC is a branch of this agency.

A

Notifiable diseases

62
Q

Coordinates public health efforts worldwide

A

World Health Organization. WHO

Microbiology (8 decks)

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