X-C Flight Planning - E: Airspace Flashcards
What is Class A airspace?
Generally, that airspace from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including FL600, including that airspace overlying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska;
(AIM 3-2-2)
Can a flight under VFR be conducted within Class A
airspace?
No, unless otherwise authorized by ATC, each person operating an aircraft in Class A airspace must operate that aircraft under instrument flight rules (IFR).
(14 CFR 91.135)
What is the minimum pilot certification for operations conducted within Class A airspace?
The pilot must be at least a private pilot with an instrument rating.
(14 CFR 91.135)
What minimum equipment is required for flight operations within Class A airspace?
A two-way radio capable of communicating with ATC on the frequency assigned.
A Mode C altitude encoding transponder.
ADS-B and TIS-B equipment operating on 1090 MHz ES frequency.
Equipped with instruments and equipment required for IFR operations.
(14 CFR 91.135, 91.215, 91.225)
How is Class A airspace depicted on navigational charts?
Class A airspace is not specifically charted.
What is the definition of Class B airspace?
Generally, that airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports.
(AIM 3-2-3)
What minimum pilot certification is required to operate an aircraft within Class B airspace?
No person may take off or land a civil aircraft at an airport within a Class B airspace area or operate a civil aircraft within a Class B airspace area unless:
a. The pilot-in-command holds at least a private pilot certificate.
b. The pilot-in-command holds a recreational pilot certificate and has met the requirements of 14 CFR §61.101; or for a student pilot seeking a recreational pilot certificate met the requirements of 14 CFR §61.94.
c. The pilot-in-command holds a sport pilot certificate and has met the requirements of 14 CFR §61.325; or the requirements for a student pilot seeking a recreational pilot certificate in 14 CFR §61.94.
d. The aircraft is operated by a student pilot who has met the requirements of 14 CFR §61.94 or §61.95 of this chapter, as applicable.
What is the minimum equipment required for operations of an aircraft within Class B airspace?
An operable two-way radio capable of communications with ATC on the appropriate frequencies for that area.
A Mode C altitude encoding transponder.
ADS-B-Out equipment—operating on UAT 978 MHz or 1090 MHz ES frequency.
If IFR, an operable VOR or TACAN receiver or an operable and suitable RNAV system.
Before operating an aircraft into Class B airspace, what basic requirement must be met?
Arriving aircraft must obtain an ATC clearance from the ATC facility having jurisdiction for that area prior to operating an aircraft in that area.
What minimum weather conditions are required when
conducting VFR flight operations within Class B airspace?
VFR flight operations must be conducted clear of clouds with at least 3 SM flight visibility.
(14 CFR 91.155)
How is Class B airspace depicted on navigational charts?
Class B airspace is charted on Sectional Charts, IFR En Route Low Altitude, and Terminal Area Charts. A solid blue line depicts the lateral limits of Class B airspace.
(AIM 3-2-3)
What basic ATC services are provided to all VFR aircraft operating within Class B airspace?
VFR pilots will be provided sequencing and separation from other aircraft while operating within Class B airspace.
It becomes apparent that wake turbulence may be encountered while ATC is providing sequencing and separation services in Class B airspace. Whose responsibility is it to avoid this turbulence?
The pilot-in-command is responsible.
AIM 3-2-3
What is the maximum speed allowed when operating inside Class B airspace, under 10,000 feet and within a Class D surface area?
Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 NM of the primary airport of a Class C or Class D airspace area at an indicated
airspeed of more than 200 knots.
(14 CFR 91.117)
When operating beneath the lateral limits of Class B airspace, or in a VFR corridor designated through Class B airspace, what maximum speed is authorized?
No person may operate an aircraft in the airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an airport or in a VFR corridor designated through such a Class B airspace area, at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 MPH).
What is Class C airspace?
Generally, that airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL). Airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, and that have a certain number of IFR operations.
What are the basic dimensions of Class C airspace?
Although the configuration of each Class C airspace area is individually tailored, the airspace usually consists of a 5 NM radius core surface area that extends from the surface up to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation, and a 10 NM radius shelf area that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport
elevation.
The outer area radius will be 20 NM, with some variations based on site specific requirements. The outer area extends outward from the primary airport and extends from the lower limits of radar/radio coverage up to the ceiling of the approach controls
airspace.
What minimum pilot certification is required to operate an aircraft within Class C airspace?
A student pilot certificate.
AIM 3-2-4
What minimum equipment is required to operate an aircraft within Class C airspace?
- A two-way radio.
- Transponder with Mode C capability.
- ADS-B Out equipment—operating on UAT 978 MHz or 1090 MHz ES frequency.
When operating an aircraft through Class C airspace or to an airport within Class C airspace, what basic requirement must be met?
Each person must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facilities providing air traffic services prior to entering that airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while within that airspace.
(14 CFR 91.130)
Two-way radio communications must be established prior to entering Class C airspace. Define what is meant by “established” in this context.
If a controller responds to a radio call with, “(aircraft call sign) standby,” radio communications have been established.
(AIM 3-2-4)
When departing a satellite airport without an operative control tower located within Class C airspace, what requirement must be met?
Each person must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facilities having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace area as soon as practicable after departing.
What minimum weather conditions are required when conducting VFR flight operations within Class C airspace?
VFR flight operations within Class C airspace require 3 SM flight visibility and cloud clearances of at least 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above and 2,000 feet horizontal to clouds.
(14 CFR 91.155)
How is Class C airspace depicted on navigational charts?
A solid magenta line is used to depict Class C airspace. Class C airspace is charted on Sectional Charts, IFR En Route Low Altitude, and Terminal Area Charts where appropriate.
What type of Air Traffic Control services are provided when operating within Class C airspace?
a. Sequenced to the primary airport.
b. Provided basic radar services beyond the outer area on a workload permitting basis. (Class C Service
AIM 3-2-4)
Describe the various types of terminal radar services available for VFR aircraft.
TRSA service—radar sequencing and separation service for VFR aircraft in a TRSA.
Basic radar service—Safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited radar vectoring (on a workload-permitting basis) and sequencing at locations where procedures have been established for this purpose and/or when covered by a letter of agreement.
Class C service—This service provides, in addition to basic radar service, approved separation between IFR and VFR aircraft, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport.
Class B service—Provides, in addition to basic radar service, approved separation of aircraft based on IFR, VFR, and/or weight, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport(s).
Where is ADS-B Out equipment required (5)
Mode C Transponder? (4)?
ADS-B OUT: 14 CFR 91.225
AIM 4-1-20 - Aircraft equippd with ADS-B out MUST operate in transmit mode at all times unless otherwise requested by ATC
- In Class A, Class B, or Class C airspace areas.
- Within amode C veil - 30 miles of a Class B airspace primary airport, below 10,000 feet MSL.
- Above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of Class B or Class C airspace up to 10,000 feet MSL.
- Class E airspace at and above 10,000 feet MSL within the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia, excluding the airspace at and below 2,500 feet AGL.
- Class E airspace at and above 3,000 feet MSL over the Gulf of Mexico from the coastline of the United States out to 12 nautical miles.
Mode C: 14 CFR 91.215
1. Class A, Class B, and Class C
2. in a mode C veil sfc to 10,000
3. Above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of Class B or Class C airspace up to 10,000 feet MSL.
4. Class E above 10,000 feet MSL in the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia, excluding the airspace at and below 2,500 feet above the surface
(AIM 4-1-20)
What is the maximum speed an aircraft may be operated within Class C airspace?
Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 NMs of the primary airport of a Class C airspace area at an indicated speed of more than 200 knots (230 MPH).
(AIM 3-2-4)
What is Class D airspace?
Generally, Class D airspace extends upward from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower.
(AIM 3-2-5)
When operating an aircraft through Class D airspace or to an airport within Class D airspace, what requirement must be met?
Each person must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facilities providing air traffic services prior to entering that airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while within that airspace.
(14 CFR 91.129, 91.225)
When departing a satellite airport without an operative control tower located within Class D airspace, what requirement must be met?
Must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the Class D airspace area as soon as practical after departing.
Is an ATC clearance required if flight operations are conducted through a Class E surface area arrival extension?
The extensions provide controlled airspace to contain standard instrument approach procedures without imposing a communications requirement on pilots operating under VFR.
What minimum weather conditions are required when conducting VFR flight operations within Class D airspace?
VFR flight operations within Class D airspace require 3 SM flight visibility and cloud clearances of at least 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above and 2,000 feet horizontal to clouds.
How is Class D airspace depicted on navigational charts?
Class D airspace areas are depicted on Sectional and Terminal charts with blue segmented lines, and on IFR Enroute Lows with a boxed [D].
What type of Air Traffic Control services are provided when operating within Class D airspace?
No separation services are provided to VFR aircraft. A
controller, on a workload permitting basis, will provide radar traffic information, safety alerts and traffic information for sequencing purposes.
What is the maximum speed an aircraft may be operated within Class D airspace?
Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 NM of the primary airport of a Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 MPH).
When a control tower, located at an airport within Class D airspace, ceases operation for the day, what happens to the lower limit of the controlled airspace?
During the hours the tower is not in operation, Class E surface area rules, or a combination of Class E rules down to 700 feet AGL and Class G rules to the surface, will become applicable. Check the Chart Supplement
U.S. for specifics.
Will all airports with an operating control tower always have Class D airspace surrounding them?
No; some airports do not have the required weather reporting capability necessary for surface based controlled airspace.
The controlled airspace over these airports is class E and typically begins at 700 feet or 1,200 feet AGL and can be determined from visual aeronautical charts.
what are the characteristics of Class A Airspace
- Dimensions
- Floors
- Ceilings
- requirements to enter
- Chart depiction
- Visibility requirements
- ATC Services
Dims: out to 12 NM of us shores in CONUS and AK
Floor: 18,000
Ceiling: FL600
Reqs to enter: IFR Cert, IFR Plane, IFR Fight Plan ACTIVE
Chart Depiction: Not Shown
Visibility Reqs: NONE - IFR Only
ATC Services: Separation
what are the characteristics of Class B Airspace
- Dimensions
- Floors
- Ceilings
- requirements to enter
- Chart depiction
- Visibility requirements
- ATC Services
- ModeC veil dimensions?
Around the busiest airports
Dims: Custom, Based on Operations, designed to contain all published INSTR procedures
Floor: Surface, with two or more rings with custom floors
Ceil: 10,000MSL
Reqs to enter: private pilot cert, student pilot w/endorsement, 2-way radio coms, Transponder w/Mode C, and ATC Clearance
Visibility: 3SM & clear of clouds
ATC Svcs: Seq & Sep,
Mode C Veil 30nm radius, sfc to 10,000 MSL
what are the characteristics of Class C Airspace
- Dimensions
- Floors
- Ceilings
- requirements to enter
- Chart depiction
- Visibility requirements
- ATC Services
Around Busy airports, Typically Sfc to 4,000 AGL
- Dims: 5nm core with 10nm shelf - outer area typically 20nm
- Floors: sfc & Customshelfs (Shelfs not lower than 1,200 AGL)
- Req’s to enter: Student Pilot, 2-way Radio coms, Mode C transponder
- Chart Depiction: Solid Magenta
- Visibility requirements: 3-1-5-2
- ATC Services: IFR/VFR Sequencing & Separation, Traffic Advisories (Workload permitting)
what are the characteristics of Class D Airspace
- Dimensions
- Floors
- Ceilings
- requirements to enter
- Chart depiction
- Visibility requirements
- ATC Services
Around Towered airports. If part-time, becomes Class E & Class G after tower closes
- Dims: Typically 4nm radius
- Floor: Sfc
- Ceil: Typically 2,500 AGL
- Reqs to enter: Student Pilot cert, 2-way radio comms
- Chart Depiction: Blue Dashed line
- Visibility: 3-1-5-2
- ATC Svcs: IFR/VFR Separation, VFR Traffic adv. Workload permitting
what are the characteristics of Class E Airspace
- Dimensions
- Floors
- Ceilings
- requirements to enter
- Chart depiction
- Visibility requirements
- ATC Services
Controlled Airspace that is ‘E”verywhere that other airspace is not defined.
- Dims: No standard dimensions, Victor Airways - 4nm on each side
- Floors: Surface (Dashed Magenta), 700 AGL (Magenta), 1,200 AGL (Blue)
- Ceilings: 17,999 and everything above FL600
- Req’s to enter: Xponder w/Mode C over 10,000 MSL
- Visibility: Below 10K - 3-1-5-2, Above 10k - 5-1-1-1
- ATC Services: Spearation of IFR traffic, Transition areas to airports,
Secondary - Provide VFR Traffic advisory
what are the characteristics of Class G Airspace
- Dimensions
- Floors
- Ceilings
- requirements to enter
- Chart depiction
- Visibility requirements
- ATC Services
non-controlled Airspace
- Dims: no standard Dims
- Floor: Sfc
- Ceil: Base of overlying space - Typically 700 or 1,200 AGL
!! CAN extend to 14,500 OR 1,500 AGL, around high mountains !!
- Reqs to enter: Student Pilot Certificate
- Chart Depiction: Not Charted (Hard line of Blue Vignette)
- Visibility: Day Above 1,200 AGL: 1-1-5-2
Day Below 1,200 AGL: 1 SM & Clear
Night: 3-1-5-2
