X Flashcards
Describe the 3 stages of a thunderstorm
Forming stage
Mature stage
Dissipating stage
The emergency frequency
121.5 MHz
Different squawks
7700 - Emergency
7600 - Radio Failure
7500 - Hijacking
What is PBN?
Performance Based Navigation
What are the advantages of RNP?
Permit the operation of aircraft along a precise flight path with a high level of accuracy and the
Ability to determine aircraft position with both accuracy and integrity.
Safety benefits by means of its precision and accuracy
Reduces the cost of operational inefficiencies such as multiple step-down non-precision and circling approaches.
What is the purpose of PBN?
Area navigation based on performance requirements for aircraft operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure or in a designated airspace.
What are the benefits of PBN?
PBN represents a fundamental shift from sensor-based to performance-based navigation.
Reduces the need to maintain sensor-specific routes and procedures, and their associated costs;
Avoids the need for developing sensor-specific operations with each new evolution of navigation systems, which would be cost-prohibitive;
Allows for more efficient use of airspace (route placement, fuel efficiency and noise abatement);
Clarifies how RNAV and RNP systems are used; and
facilitates the operational approval process for operators by providing a limited set of navigation specifications intended for global use.
PBN can potentially enable operational benefits in the areas of safety, flight efficiency and airspace capacity, as well as improved cost-efficiency and reduced environmental impact.
When is a PBN endorsement gained?
After August 2020, PBN privileges shall be required for every IR.
A PBN endorsement is granted after:
The pilot has successfully completed a course of theoretical knowledge including PBN.
Flying training including PBN, followed by a skill test or a proficiency check.
What is the frequency band used over the Atlantic?
HF, although these days typically it’s over datalink and CPDLC. Phase 3 is back in force: all aircraft FL290-410 in the NAT region, with some geographic exceptions BIRD BGGL NY E, require CPDLC and ADS-C.`
What is FANS?
Future Air Navigation System
What are the three types of contracts with ADS-C?
Periodic contracts are time-based and can be varied when necessary by Air Traffic Control ATC needs.
An Event contract is a contract set up by the ATC that predesignates your aircraft’s altitude, vertical speed or any of several other different parameters. If you deviate from any of these parameters, they are notified immediately.
Demand contracts: ATC initiates this contract when they want to know where everybody is right now. Everyone responds on demand.
Mayday Message: This contract is controlled and initiated by the pilot during emergency circumstances.
What is CPDLC?
Controller Pilot Data Link Communications:
Standardized, formatted language that is used in text messages sent between ATC and the cockpit of the aircraft.
What is the square root of 81?
9
Formula for area of a circle:
πr^2
What is the value of Pi
3.14159
