RYR Tech Questions Flashcards

Question

why an a/c has such a high AoA after take-off, can we increase it more and more.., why not?

Answer 1

to maintaing lift, we can't exceeded too much otherwise we would stall

Answer 2

use flaps and slats

Answer 3

leading edge flaps also known as slats (kruger fleps) trailing edge flaps (fowler three slotted flaps)

Answer 4

coffin corner

Answer 5

The easiest way is to know Track, Heading, TAS and GS. By applying come calculation we can find the wind vector. Mathematical Way: Break down each individual wind speed/direction vector into an East-West component and a North/South component. Assuming the direction is given in degrees clockwise from north, the north-south component is the cosine of the direction angle times the speed; the east/west component is the sine of the direction times the speed. Cns = cos(Dir)\*Spd Cew = sin(Dir)\*Spd Add up all the north-south components. Then separately, add up all the east/west components. The average direction is the arctan of the east/west components divided by the north south components. Dir = arctan(sum(Cew) / sum(Cew))

Answer 6

- increase chamber - wash out = decreases the AoI from the wind root to the tip, preventing early wing tip stall

Answer 7

hydraulic system

Answer 8

mist = BR fog = FG

Answer 9

microburst

Answer 10

BR = mist MI = shallow FG = fog DZ = drizzle

Answer 11

Europe between 1.30 to 2.00 EURO

Answer 12

no we can reach it by losing weight by consuming fuel

Answer 13

hydraulic system

Answer 14

system A can take over

Answer 15

describes an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, water, or an obstacle. The pilots are generally unaware of the danger until it is too late.

Answer 16

- MTOW = between 65,500 and 85000kg - Engine = CFM56-7 rated at 27.300lbs - Mach n = Mach 0.78 (823 km/h) - ELECTRICAL SYSTEM = 115 volts 400Hz - WING TIPS = winglets (SFC decreased by 6%) - SEAT= 189 - SWEPT ANGLE = 25º

Answer 17

V1 The decision speed during the takeoff roll at which if the critical engine has failed up until this speed, it is possible to reject the takeoff and bring the aircraft to a full stop within the ASDA. It is also the speed at which after the critical engine has failed, it is possible to continue the takeoff and reach a speed of V2 by the screen height within the TODA. V1 must be less than or equal to VR, but equal to or greater than VMCG. V2 Target speed at the 35ft screen height. Must be 1.13 Vsr and 1.1 Vmca. Vr This is the rotation speed during the takeoff roll at which the pilot begins to raise the nose from the 3 point attitude to the initial climb attitude to reach V2 by the screen height. VR must be equal to or greater than V1 and equal to or greater than 1.05 VMCA Vmca The minimum control speed in the air, at which after the failure of the critical engine, it is possible to maintain directional control of the aircraft by use of the rudder, without loss of height, no more than 5° bank towards the live engine and take-off power on the live engine. VMCA is affected only by density – high temperatures = low density and therefore less thrust, so the asymmetric thrust is reduced which increases VMCA. Vmcg The minimum control speed on the ground, at which after the failure of the critical engine, it is possible to maintain directional control by use of the rudder only, without deviating more than 30ft from the centreline. VMCG must be less than or equal to V1, ensuring directional control of the aircraft after the critical engine has failed, before the decision speed is reached. Order? Vmcg V1 Vr Vmca V2

Answer 18

Another way is the following: wind angle + 20 = % Eg: runway 27 = runway heading 270° W/V 300°/20 kts wind angle = 300 - 270 = 30 30 + 20 = 50% of the wind speed (20 kts), so the crosswind component is 10 kts.

Answer 19

Engine number one (LH engine) in general when your aircraft has two engines rotating clockwise (seen from inside the plane)

Answer 20

2 Cargo Holds 1 forward = between nose wheel and main wheels 1 aft = behing main wheels

Answer 21

around 65000 kg couldn't find exact figure

Answer 22

because we need to put fuel on board is the Max Wing Structural Torque Weight

Answer 23

to make sure the plane is in balance before we had the fuel on board

Answer 24

Reference Landing Speed or VAT speed at threshold usually airline fly at Vref + 5 (or sometimes + 10) so that they will pass over the threshold at Vref +5, they will lose those extra 5 kt during the flare and touch down at Vref

Answer 25

for take off = to make sure we are clear of obstacle in case of engine failure for the cruise = we do fuel calculation to check the actual fuel burn

Answer 26

to make sure the plane is in balance in regard to CoG

Answer 27

Voltage 2x voltage regulators maintaining the electrical busbar to 14 volts DC. Over voltage \>17 volts. Amperage 12 volt, 35 amp hour battery and 2x 65 amp alternators (at 2000 rpm) Engine Continental 6 cylinders Rated horsepower 220 BHP (TO power), 200 (continues) Rated speed 2800 RMP (TO power), 2600 (continues) Propeller Counter rotating Landing gear Fully retractable undercarriage, electrically operated and hydraulically driven by self contained power pack located in the nose baggage bay. Warning horn below 14” MAP and gear up. Vlo = 130/108kts. Freefall must be lower than 85kts. Nose (34psi), main (46psi). Controls Cable operated, all moving stabilator with anti-servo tab acting as a trim. Two channel autopilot in pitch and roll. Engine (advantages of turbo charged to carburettor) 2x air cooled, fuel injected, 6 cylinder, and turbo charged engines. 200hp at 2600rpm. Engine rpm = propeller rpm. Turbocharger provides sea level engine performance at altitude by delivering exhaust gases back to the cylinders producing a greater power output. Fuel system/capacity Two independent systems, two rigid fuel tanks in each wing. Each engine takes fuel from the inboard tank. The EDP forms part of the continuous flow injection system. Total fuel 128 (5 US Gallons unusable) Type of flaps, ailerons Frise type ailerons with differential movement eliminating adverse yaw. Electrically driven plain flaps (10, 25, and 40). Heating system Heated air from Janitrol combustion heater located in the aft fuselage, uses left tank and ½ gallon per hour. Ice protection Approved for light and moderate icing: detection light, leading edge boots, electrical heater propeller mats, windscreen de-icing fluid, pitot and stall warning vane heaters.

Answer 28

engine driven pump

Answer 29

by hydraulic pressure

Answer 30

by hydraulic pressure

Answer 31

describe swept wings i started with explaining the winglets, and then he asked about the ailerons and what else is used during a turn. Then to the trailing and leading edge high lift devices, to end with explaining the vortex generators)

Answer 32

give a personal answer

Answer 33

yes unless they are fuel injected

Answer 34

we can reduce speed but throttling back and using high lift devices to don't lose control of the plane

Answer 35

A grouping of aircraft based on Vat (1.3 Vso) A below 91 B 91 to 120 C 121 to 140 D 141 to 165 E 166 to 210

Answer 36

The height varies depending on the average temperature of the underlying air. Equator - 55,000ft Poles - 25,000ft The changes of height occur in steps where significant changes of temperature occur (PFJ and STJ) and therefore strong upper winds known as Jet Streams are found.

Answer 37

Reduction in ppO2 at altitude, therefore insufficient oxygen causes Hypoxia. Effects are fatigue, headache, dizziness, euphoria, blurred vision, hyperventilation, poor judgment and lack of muscle co-ordination.

Answer 38

Swept Wings

Answer 39

Mach Tuck Mach trimmer safeguards the aircraft from Mach Tuck

Answer 40

Designed to delay separation of the boundary layer over the upper surface of the wing to a higher AOA. A slot is formed when the device is extended allowing a venturi effect to occur because airflow travels from the high pressure area to the low pressure area and accelerates the airflow.

Answer 41

A wet runway decreases V1 because you’ll need more distance to stop and therefore this decision has to be made at an earlier speed to maximise distance. V2 is not affected.

Answer 42

By operating the push buttons on the ammeter, individual readings of each alternator output can be read. As the battery becomes fully charged, the amount of current will reduce to 2 amps.

Answer 43

Power idle, roll wings level and gently pull out of the dive

Answer 44

Request radar vectors

Answer 45

N1 = low pressure compressor fan Approximately 75% on a high-bypass engine

Answer 46

The hot exhaust gases after combustion are propelled through a nozzle at high speed to atmosphere.

Answer 47

N1 - Low pressure compressor fan speed N2 - Intermediate pressure compressor speed EGT - Exhaust Gas Temperature (monitored to prevent engine damage i.e. blades) EPR - Engine Pressure Ratio (ratio of compressor inlet pressure to turbine outlet pressure)

Answer 48

the pistone goes up to compress the mixture which will get ignited by the spark plug. when it goes back down, the gas will flow out from the exhaust vent, the piston pushes the standby mixture behind it that will get pushed into a bypass duct that will send it right in front of the pistone. once the piston cycles back up it will fully compresse the new mixture, the spark plug will ignite it and so on.

Answer 49

- lighter than a 4 stroke engine - more powerful - can work in any orientation - mixture gets compressed initially at the back of the piston - mixture is ducted from the back to the front of the piston

Answer 50

Intake: this stroke of the piston begins at top dead center. The piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, increasing the volume of the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater by some form of air pump) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. Compression: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air or fuel-air mixture into the cylinder head. Power: this is the start of the second revolution of the cycle. While the piston is close to Top Dead Centre, the compressed air–fuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, by a spark plug in gasoline engines, or which ignites due to the heat generated by compression in a diesel engine. The resulting pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward bottom dead centre. Exhaust: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead centre while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent fuel-air mixture through the exhaust valve(s).

Answer 51

- ultralight planes - chainsaws - model airplanes

Answer 52

New York – London: Due to the westerly jet streams in the northern hemisphere of up to 215 kts.

Answer 53

No, but it will have according to performance considerations e.g. a left crosswind means the left engine is critical because a greater amount of rudder will be needed to overcome both the crosswind and asymmetric thrust.

Answer 54

No, because the propellers are counter-rotating. Therefore, both thrust lines are brought closest to the fuselage.

Answer 55

Having followed the radio failure checklists, squawk 7600, maintain assigned level for 3 minutes and follow the flight plan route in the most direct manner.

Answer 56

Vso - 62 Vs1 - 65 Vmca- 66 Vr - 79 Vyse- 92 Vlo - 108 Vle - 130 Vno - 166 Vne - 205

Answer 57

The air/fuel mixture would become too rich and could flood the engine

Answer 58

No because it has no carburetor

Answer 59

Control the aircraft, shut the engine down (fuel)/feather propeller, reduce any drag (gear/flap) and cross-feed

Answer 60

Allows you to check visually whether the nose gear is down. May be useful if one green doesn’t illuminate.

Answer 61

I’d want the wind coming from the live side because this would offset the yawing moment created by the lost thrust.

Answer 62

Yes, the propeller must be feathered before a certain RPM e.g. 800 on the Seneca, because otherwise the centrifugal latches engage and prevent feathering causing an increase in drag.

Answer 63

The centrifugal latches engage to hold the propeller in fine pitch for starting.

Answer 64

As the aircraft weight differs, the optimum cruise altitude changes

Answer 65

When the aircraft weight and configuration is the same as when the maximum operating ceiling was determined during flight testing.

Answer 66

Best SFC and increased endurance due to a lower EAS once a constant Mach number is maintained. Airframe drag is proportional to EAS and therefore this decreases at higher altitudes as well. Also, this is where the engine operates most efficiently at high rpms.

Answer 67

The propellers are limited in altitude because the blade tips suffer from the compressibility effects and therefore its rpm is limited. This is because the blade tips become sonic and therefore this limits the thrust force produced and therefore speed. So, propellers become less efficient as speed increases and therefore are flown at lower altitudes at slower speeds.

Answer 68

25º, maybe 27º would be too much

Answer 69

depends on the weight of the plane

Answer 70

It maintains it streamlined shape unlike an elevator with trim tab arrangement, therefore allowing you to trim the attitude of the aircraft whilst producing less drag. The surface area is greater than just an elevator and therefore, little movement is required.

Answer 71

Decision altitude on a precision approach at which a go around must be initiated if the satisfactory visual references have not been identified to safely land. Minimum Descent Altitude at which the aircraft cannot descend below on a non-precision approach until the satisfactory visual references have been identified in order to land. The MDA can be maintained until the Missed Approach Point, at which stage the aircraft must immediately go around.

Answer 72

25 nm unless specified different

Answer 73

The navigation aid specified.

Answer 74

DOM = The Basic Empty Mass plus Variable Load Variable Load = the crew, crew baggage and basic equipment TOF = Take Off Fuel Mass OM = DOM + TOF

Answer 75

Benefits 1 Out of the wing airflow, giving smoother flow and better pitch control 2 Effective distance between the tailplane and wing increases, giving more leverage in pitch 3 Allows rear mounted engines to be fitted with the extra space 4 Reduced proximity to the ground during takeoff and landing, meaning less chance of damage Drawbacks 1 Prone to deep stall due to blanking of the airflow by a stalled wing, causing loss of pitch control 2 Difficult to recover from a spin 3 The control runs to the elevators are more complex 4 More difficult to inspect the elevator surfaces from the ground

Answer 76

Up until a ‘changeover altitude’ i.e. 26,000ft, the aircraft will fly a constant IAS against an increasing mach number until it reaches its Mmo. The aircraft will then fly a constant mach number against a decreasing IAS as its altitude increases.

Answer 77

The water vapour product of combustion from an aircraft’s exhaust emerges into a cold environment and the local increase in water vapour can push it past its saturation point, causing it to condense out into tiny water droplets as contrails. They usually occur above 26,000ft where the temperature is below -40°c.

Answer 78

On many modern turbofan engines, the terms "Flight Idle" and "Ground Idle" are a bit confusing. They really should be Low Idle and High Idle. Most engines are set up to produce Low Idle on the ground and in normal flight. This is termed "Ground Idle" The High Idle setting is set inflight (Flight Idle) so that the engine is spooled up in the event of a missed approach and for a short duration just after touchdown to facilitate rapid reverse thrust. Logic circuits determine that the aircraft is in the air and in the approach and landing configuration to command the increase to "Flight Idle". The idle setting is returned to the low, or "Ground Idle" value after a predetermined time interval after the landing gear touchdown. Max Reverse = turns the propeller angle to negative to slow the plane down on landing roll Feathered = is feathered on te ground on in case of engine failure

Answer 79

it won't turn because it's a free turbine, that means that the turbine that turns the propeller is not the same one that turn the engine compressor.

Answer 80

early models = de-ice pneumatic boots later models = anti ice system where the anti ice liquid comes out from the porous panels on the leading edges of the aircraft

Answer 81

The most common source of compressed air for pressurisation is bleed air extracted from the compressor stage of a gas turbine engine, from a low or intermediate stage and also from an additional high stage. The air is cooled, humidified, and mixed with recirculated air if necessary, before it is distributed to the cabin by one or more environmental control systems.The cabin pressure is regulated by the outflow valve.

Answer 82

open the lever the pressure inside the plane is around 10000 ft. If the plane is flying at 30000ft the pressure will be lower than the cabin pressure which would be higher because set at 10000ft. Therefore opening the outflow valve will decrease the pressure inside the cabin

Answer 83

it would depend wether the plane has reached the right cabin altitude or not

Answer 84

the same time as it takes the aircraft to reach 16,000 ft.

Answer 85

flight deck, cabin and cargo holds

Answer 86

couldn't find an answer

Answer 87

put oxygen mask on

Answer 88

altimeter = will read the same altitude when the plane left the ground VSI = will read zero ASI = underread

Answer 89

Land with all gear up

Answer 90

advise him of excessive speed

Answer 91

is the ability to make and process a good decision in tough situation among many alternatives

Answer 92

Situation awareness is the perception of environmental elements with respect to time or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event. It is also a field of study concerned with perception of the environment critical to decision-makers in complex, dynamic areas

Answer 93

Crew Resource Management is a set of training procedures for use in environments where human error can have devastating effects. Used primarily for improving air safety, CRM focuses on interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in the cockpit.

Answer 94

have an engine that can fly at higher altitude and more efficent then a normal propeller engine

Answer 95

Free Turbine = there would be two turbine not connected by right next to each other that move two different engine parts Fixed Turbine = everything is interconnected

Answer 96

1/60 rule = d x 60 / D 5x60/60 = 5º to the left

Answer 97

What it states is that if the point A (to use your reference) is less than the 150m or 125m (if authorised) RVR then the commander can look at the centreline lights which have 15m spacing. If he can see 6 lights then he can see a 90m visual segment and he can accept a takeoff clearance. However is the RVR is at or above 150(125)m and you cannot see the 6 lights you must reject the takeoff clearance as you need confirmation with the visual segment- the important thing here is what you can actually see. If you are approved to take off in 125m, that is the minimum "reported" RVR required in all three points, touchdown, midpoint, stopend. If the mid point is not available, the minimum increases to 150m in all sectors. So, if the minimum is below these, or not reported, you can't go as the Pilot assessment case only applies to the initial line up point, NOT the mid point or stop end, which, you cannot see, of course. You cannot factor met vis to RVR for low vis take offs and further restrictions apply for runway centre line and edge lighting cases.

Answer 98

when the RVR at and airport was good for a take off but not necesserely for a landing therefore you would have to plane a different aerodrome where to land, with either a better weather or less restrictive RVR

Answer 99

aft and forward

Answer 100

rule that says you can't take off unless you have what it takes to land at your destination. Too heavy to land? Can't takeoff. Weather great here, bad there? Can't takeoff. Simple. It is the ICAO Law of the Land, but there are exceptions. it also refers to being already airborne and not being able to land due to RVR minimum

Answer 101

Commencement and continuation of approach (a) The commander or the pilot to whom conduct of the flight has been delegated may commence an instrument approach regardless of the reported RVR/Visibility but the approach shall not be continued beyond the outer marker, or equivalent position, if the reported RVR/visibility is less than the applicable minima (see OPS 1.192). (b) Where RVR is not available, RVR values may be derived by converting the reported visibility in accordance with Appendix 1 to OPS 1.430, subparagraph (h). (c) If, after passing the outer marker or equivalent position in accordance with (a) above, the reported RVR/visibility falls below the applicable minimum, the approach may be continued to DA/H or MDA/H. (d) Where no outer marker or equivalent position exists, the commander or the pilot to whom conduct of the flight has been delegated shall make the decision to continue or abandon the approach before descending below 1 000 ft above the aerodrome on the final approach segment. If the MDA/H is at or above 1 000 ft above the aerodrome, the operator shall establish a height, for each approach procedure, below which the approach shall not be continued if RVR/visibility is less than applicable minima. (e) The approach may be continued below DA/H or MDA/H and the landing may be completed provided that the required visual reference is established at the DA/H or MDA/H and is maintained.

Answer 102

If, after passing the outer marker or equivalent position in accordance with (a) above, the reported RVR/visibility falls below the applicable minimum, the approach may be continued to DA/H or MDA/H. The approach may be continued below DA/H or MDA/H and the landing may be completed provided that the required visual reference is established at the DA/H or MDA/H and is maintained.

Answer 103

A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.[1] In contrast to a turbojet, the engine's exhaust gases do not contain enough energy to create significant thrust, since almost all of the engine's power is used to drive the propeller.

Answer 104

Hotel mode is a feature on ATR 42/72 turboprops replacing an APU by locking the right hand #2 engine (PW100) with the help of a 'propeller brake' whilst allowing the turbine to run and therefore also the generator, providing power and bleed air. ATR describes this as the following: The propeller brake is fitted on a countershaft on the RH engine reduction gearbox in order to stop the propeller (and the power turbine) HP (High Pressure) spool drives the DC generator. Bleed pressure is available downstream the HP compressor and supplies both packs.

Answer 105

Fixed frequency generators need to run at a constant speed, and this is impossible when an engine has to run at variable speeds. A frequency wild generator can run at virtually any speed which would result in a variable output frequency so this is normally rectified to a DC output and then converted to a constant frequency fixed AC output via an electronic control unit. Disadvantages are that you need a lot more conversion and control equipment.

Answer 106

Maybe the answer is they are both equally easy to fly? If you fly constant Lat you will be flying a rhumb line (unless it's along the equator), but it's still constant heading so no trick there. Similarly for Longitude you will be flying a constant heading but by definition it will follow a great circle track.

Answer 107

YES little explanation = If their take-off speed is 150 kts IAS, then: If they take-off with a 100 kt headwind, they will have a Ground Speed of 50 kts as they lift off. On a calm day, with no wind, they will have a Ground Speed of 150 kts at lift off. If they take-off with a 20 kt tailwind, they will have a Ground Speed of 170 kts at lift off.

Answer 108

light aircraft = metal wire connected to the control column and control sufaces Jet airlines = fly by wire is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires (hence the fly-by-wire term), and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the ordered response

Answer 109

Airbus and Boeing commercial airplanes differ in their approaches in using fly-by-wire systems. In Airbus airliners, the flight-envelope control system always retains ultimate flight control when flying under normal law, and it will not permit the pilots to fly outside these performance limits unless flying under alternate law.[14] However, in the event of multiple failures of redundant computers, the A320 does have a mechanical back-up system for its pitch trim and its rudder. In the Boeing the two pilots can completely override the computerized flight-control system to permit the aircraft to be flown beyond its usual flight-control envelope during emergencies

Answer 110

the initial and most important steps have to be memorised then the rest is done by checklist

Answer 111

yes, emergency dumping lever

Answer 112

engine driven alternators for light planes 737 Primary electrical power is provided by two engine integrated drive generators (IDGs) which supply three-phase, 115 volt, 400 cycle alternating current. Each IDG supplies its own bus system in normal operation and can also supply essential and non-essential loads of the opposite side bus system when one IDG is inoperative

Answer 113

main thing is the engine ...i guess

Answer 114

main difference is that the DA is lower for a precision approach and that for an non precision approach is called MDA

Answer 115

Well, most airlines do cross the ocean with GPS in today's world. That being said, most (if not all) transcontinental airliners, and many flying domestic routes as well, have what's called an inertial navigation system (a form of dead-reckoning where gyros and accelerometers are used to compute changes in position). The INS feeds into the flight management computer which is used to cross-check the GPS position, and can be used as a primary navigation source should the GPS signal be lost or corrupted. Prior to GPS, inertial navigation was the primary means of navigating across oceans.

Answer 116

Cabin pressurisation is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft, in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for passengers and crew flying at high altitudes. For aircraft, this air is usually bled off from the gas turbine engines at the compressor stage, and for spacecraft, it is carried in high-pressure, often cryogenic tanks. The air is cooled, humidified, and mixed with recirculated air if necessary, before it is distributed to the cabin by one or more environmental control systems.[1] The cabin pressure is regulated by the outflow valve.

Answer 117

ILS - False Glideslope At an angle of about twice the angle of the real glideslope you can find a false glideslope (e.g., 3deg real glideslope, 6deg false glideslope). This is because the transmitter on the ground generates a mirror 150Hz sidelobe just above the 90Hz main lobe. You can prevent following a false glideslope by intercepting the G/S from below (During straight and level intercept altitude for example). When you are on the false glidslope, it can be recognised by the higher ROD.

Answer 118

I would let ATC know and follow the emergency procedure

Answer 119

DH/A = decision altitude for a precision approach where you decide to continue for a landing or going around MDA = minimum descent altitude, is the altitude you are allowed to descent to to look for runway clue and be able to land, it is also the altitude you are able to circle on

Answer 120

A convection oven (also known as a fan-assisted oven or simply a fan oven) is an oven that has fans to circulate air around food. The fans in convection ovens allow more heat to be transferred via convective heat transfer. A microwave oven, commonly referred to as a microwave, is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave spectrum. This induces polarised molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating.

Answer 121

the electricity goes trough the circuit the watt of the bulb make a different energy output as light intensity

Answer 122

follow checklist and land asap

Answer 123

they ignite the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder 2 per cylinder

Answer 124

The simplest form of spark ignition is that using a magneto. The engine spins a magnet inside a coil, or, in the earlier designs, a coil inside a fixed magnet, and also operates a contact breaker, interrupting the current and causing the voltage to be increased sufficiently to jump a small gap. The spark plugs are connected directly from the magneto output, to the cylinder.

Answer 125

in a turbojet most of the airflow flows around the engine core when with a turbo fan most of the airflow is ducted around the engine core, and most of the thrust is produced by the ducted airflow.

Answer 126

closing and opening the right and left engine alternating

Answer 127

Standard Operating Procedures for standard operations for everybody and to follow exact company procedures

Answer 128

great circle is the shortest distance between two point Lambert conformal conic projection approximates a great-circle route between endpoints for typical flight distances.

Answer 129

a line that cuts meridian at the same angle Mercator chart, cylindrical map projection

Answer 130

Vmcg, Vef, V1, Vmbe, Vr, Vmu, Vlof, Vmca and V2.

Answer 131

JAR OPS - 400 m standard. Anything below (down to 125 m or maybe less) is Low Visibility Take Off requiring special procedures and training. Although many crews are trained to the LVTO standard anyway and their manual may be written so that you cannot see a real difference between normal na LV take-off.

Answer 132

TAKE-OFF MINIMUMS The application of these minimums may be limited by the obstacle environment in the take-off and departure area. The RVR/VIS minimums are determined to ensure the visual guidance of the take-off run phase. The subsequent clearance of obstacles is the responsibility of the operator. Low visibility take-off with RVR/VIS below 400m requires the verification that Low Visibility Procedures (LVP) have been established and are in force. RVR/VIS for the initial part of take-off run can be replaced by pilot assessment. The multiple RVR requirement means, that the required RVR value must be achieved for all of the relevant RVR reporting points, except for the initial part, which can be determined by pilot assessment. Approved operators may reduce their take-off minimums to 125m (aircraft categories A, B, C), 150m (category D) or to 75m (all categories) with an approved lateral guidance system.

Answer 133

For two-engined aeroplanes not approved for ETOPS, the take-off alternate, if required, shall be located (in still air conditions) within: one hour flight time at one engine inoperative cruising speed

Answer 134

Minimum Levels. Except when necessary for take-off and landing, or where specially authorised by the appropriate ATS authority, an IFR flight shall be flown at a level which is not below the minimum flight altitude established by the state whose territory is being overflown, or where no such minimum altitude is specified:  Over high terrain or mountainous areas (not defined further), the minimum level must be at least 600m (2000 ft) above the highest obstacle located within 8 km (5 nm) of the estimated position of the aircraft  In areas other than in a. above, minimum level is to be 300 m (1000 ft) above the highest obstacle within 8 km (5 nm) of the estimated position of the aircraft.

Answer 135

Low Visibility Take Off has to be performed, and make up for alternate one hour flight time at one engine inoperative cruising speed

Answer 136

VMCG and VMCA are NOT effected by Weight. From what I understand about these two speeds, they are both control related. They are based on the critical engine failing. VMCG: The minimum control speed on the ground during the take off run. VMCA: The minimum control speed in the air that an aircraft is controllable. Both of these speeds decrease with increasing airfield elevation and Pressure Altitude. Reduced take off thrust and a large fin will also reduce VMCG. the only relation would be with the arm between the CofG and the stabiliser (fin). I.E a short arm (aft CofG) would require a larger rudder input and perhaps a higher VMC. But other than that I can’t find any relation.

Answer 137

V1 = varies with aircraft weight. - if field length is restricted the higher the weight the lower the V1 because the distance to stop the plane in case on engine failure will be limited. - if field length is not limited the higher the weight the higher the V1 V2 and Vr as well change with weight

Answer 138

INS = Inertial Navigation System is a navigation aid that uses a computer, motion sensors (accelerometers) and rotation sensors (gyroscopes) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. IRS = Inertial Reference System is an updated version of the INS Main Differences: IRS has: - Greater system integration - Laser gyro - Greater computer power - Strapdown System (no gimbals) - Vertical acceleration as well

Answer 139

mainly, because the IAS is not anymore a actual figure of the A/C speed. We use Mach because flying high and fast it is mach number that determines our limits and our performance, rather than IAS.

Answer 140

in the Carburettor the fuel is sprayed into the venturi, where the air accelerates getting sucked into the engine. To create a fuel spray a bleed air duct is connected to the fuel duct. The fuel mixes with air and the mix goes into the piston. In the Fuel injected system the fuel is injected just before the air enters the cylinder. A Fuel Manifold Valve meters the fuel by sensing the amount of air coming into the cylinder and sprays the appropriate amount of fuel. Air and Fuel mix and enter the cylinder. Advantages - can work at any attitude - more precise - free of icing - more efficient for high performance engine Disadvantages - more complex - fuel vaporisation in fuel line

Answer 141

In the Carburettor the fuel is sprayed into the venturi, where the air accelerates getting sucked into the engine. To create a fuel spray a bleed air duct is connected to the fuel duct. The fuel mixes with air and the mix goes into the piston. Advantages - simple - very reliable - efficient enough for small engine Disadvantages - prone to carburettor ice - can't work at all attitudes - can't deliver same amount of mixture - inefficient with high performance plane

Answer 142

L = W cos gamma D = W sin gamma

Answer 143

A flat rating simply means the engine has enough power to maintain a specified power level to a certain altitude (ie pressure and temp).