WWI And Russian Revolution Flashcards
A book that was written by Adam Smith and in it he wrote economic laws that guided the decisions of individuals as they took part in exchange for goods
The Wealth of Nations
The author of The Wealth of Nations whose new laws were put to test in many countries such as other Western European countries, the United States, Japan, and Russia and triggered the start of the industrial revolution
Adam Smith
When several countries shifted the basis of their economy from agriculture to industry.
Industrial Revolution
“The Seven Years’ War” Britain’s victory removed France from North America. It ended in 1763
French and Indian War
Belief in a government with separation of powers and representation through elected officials
Republicanism
It began in 1789 and was triggered by financial crisis. There was mounting debt from as a result of continual warfare and the support of the American Revolution threatened France with bankruptcy
French Revolution
The common people at the Estates-General meeting who took over the meeting. They demanded political, economic, and social rights
Third estate
The belief in individual political and economic freedom as well as equality
Liberalism
a sudden, violent overthrow of the government
Coup d’etat
he took part in a coup d’etat and then crowned himself emperor, he led a french army conquest that dominated much of Europe by 1806
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon’s reign between 1793 and 1794 in which 15,000 people who didn’t agree with the revolution were executed
Reign of Terror
In 1791 slaves in the french colony of Saint-Dominique revolted. A free black man named Toussaint L’Ouverture joined the rebels and helped them greatly. The fight had altered the colony greatly by the time it ended in 1804.
Haitian Revolution
He played a major part in the Latin American independence movement. He was the leader of the army of the north and overcame royalist forces region by region. He was a creole
Simon Bolivar
A combination of patriotism and the belief that people with the same language, culture, and history should have their own nation-state
Nationalism
Napoleon was stopped in 1815 and the french monarchy was restored but republicanism survived and made a strong comeback. One of the first revolts was in Paris. the government used military forces to try and stop the protests. when it didn’t work, leaders’ authority was weakened. And around that time protests broke out in major cities in Austria, Germany, and Italy. Revolution was threatening to engulf Europe. No great political shifts came from it all though.
The Revolutions of 1848
it is wealth shown as money or as resources that are used to produce goods
Capital
An arrangement where a state can take political and economic control of land outside its border
Imperialism
if a colony couldn’t supply enough resources, the dominant state would take over production
New Imperialism
Explain how anti-West sentiment drove uprisings in Japan and China. Where did this anti-West sentiment come from?
The anti-west sentiment was based on the people of these counties wanting to keep their old traditions and ways of life. When they started being forced into newer ways of living from the west the citizens fought back for their older ways
Explain at least four new innovations that changed the world in the Industrial Revolution
- Machines made farming easier and more efficient
- The spinning jenny and the water frame sped up textile production
- The steam engine originally helped with keeping coal mines from flooding and moved on to serve many purposes from driving textile machinery to running trains
- Railroads transported goods quickly and efficiently
Explain what industrial capitalism means. Define capitalism.
Industrial capitalism is a system where all resources are privately owned and markets decide how they are distributed. Capitalists would own the means of production like factories and machinery and hire many workers to make goods. The owners sell the products and make the most money
Define socialism.
The idea of replacing capitalism with publicly owned businesses and factories. The government would own all businesses and control the market.
Explain the “scramble for Africa.”
Shortly after the opening of the Suez canal a rebellion in Egypt threatened to close the canal and Egypt held the country. This action began the scramble where major European powers began claiming territory in Africa. When it was over, nearly the entire continent was in europe’s grasp.
Explain how imperialism played out in Asia.
In 1858 India came under British rule. The effects of imperialism greatly modernized the country. The British introduced new technology and heightened access to education at the same time as using India’s people and resources for its own benefit.
What caused the Great War?
the great powers of Europe were in two rival alliances and this heightened tensions. Then there were the two Balkan Wars. After that the Black Hand shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. Then Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and then Russia tried to protect Serbia. Then Germany gave Russia 24 hours to stop protecting Serbia and demanded France stay neutral if Germany and Russia went to war. When these demands weren’t met, Germany declared war on Russia and all of Europe went to war.
it was that Germany would defeat France in the west, getting it out of the war before Russia could attack in the east
The Schlieffen Plan
it was a battle area of 400 miles, from the English Channel to Switzerland where trenches were dug
The Western Front
it is where progress from both sides is at a standstill being held by the other side
Stalemate
it was when German troops tried to break the stalemate by attacking the French town of Verdun in February 1916. It did not succeed
The Battle of Verdun
it was when the Allied forces launched an assault on German lines along the Somme River in June of 1916
The Battle of the Somme
In it, the countries involved mobilize all of their resources, both military and civilian, in order to win the war
total war
it is the name given to the battle zones of Eastern Europe where trench warfare was less widespread.
The Eastern Front
it is a peninsula in the European part of present-day Turkey. A naval force landed French, British, and colonial troops at Gallipoli In early 1915. The goal was to take over Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire’s capital, and get access to the Black Sea
Gallipoli
President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement of war goals called _______ in January of 1918. The first five points were for general world issues and the next eight points dealt with specific territorial issues in Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
the Fourteen Points
it was the treaty with Germany in which many harsh things were demanded
The Treaty of Versailles
they are the rebuilding after the war
Reparations
it consisted of three bodies: representatives of all the nations in it, representatives from the Allied Powers (and other nations on a cycle), and an executive office led by a secretary general.
The League of Nations
List at least four new weapons used in the Great War
- The tank which could travel through places where just a soldier could not
- Barbed wire which would catch on soldiers and they would get fired on before they could get unstuck
- Poison gas which could kill many soldiers easily
- Airplanes that could spy and drop artillery or bombs
Why did the US initially not enter the war? What finally got the US to enter the war? Why did they side with the side they did?
The US didn’t initially enter the war because it was closely tied to Great Britain but also had many German-American citizens and most Americans were not eager to get involved in what they viewed as a European dispute. Many American companies also saw it as a chance to make supplies sales to both sides. It eventually joined as a result of The sinking of the Lusitania which also had 173 tons of ammunition being shipped from New York to London. Over a thousand passengers, including 128 Americans, died. Public anger, mixed with passenger ships being sunk twice later that year, tipped US-German relations to the breaking point.
What changes in the world came about from WWI?
- The Treaty of Versailles
- Many new countries were formed
- Many old countries were destroyed
- League of Nations
Did the 14 Points work? Why or why not?
France and Britain needed the U.S’s help so they had to pretend to agree with the fourteen points even though they didn’t agree, this caused them to somewhat work in the end, making peace movements stronger across Europe just as Wilson had wanted but not all of the points were accomplished
he was exiled from Russia and came to power in the Russian revolution.
Lenin (Vladimir Ilich Lenin)
they are peasant tied to nobles’ land. a tradition long forgotten by the rest of Europe
serfs
he was a radical 19th century political thinker who came up with the idea of socialism
Karl Marx
Russian word for majority and what the group led by Lenin called themselves
Bolsheviks
they were reformers who were
opposed to both socialism and revolution
Kadets
they were councils of working-class citizens in cities throughout Russia
Soviets
the revolution that got rid of an almost 400-year-old monarchy in Russia and established a democracy
February revolution
the revolution in which the people wanted soviets in power so on October 26th the congress of soviets was voted to head the new government
October revolution.
the army supporting communism
Red army
the army against communism
Whites
when the Russian government took control of everything and any person suspected of disagreeing was arrested
Red terror
