WWI Flashcards

1
Q

Long-term reasons for the outbreak of WWI

A
  • Nationalist / Chauvinist sentiments running high in Europe
  • Germany’s neighbours feel threatened by Germany’s size, power politics and armament
  • Germany feels encircled, fear an attack by France and Russia
  • Russian and Germany mobilise, Germany declares war on Russia, asks France to remain neutral ->
    Assassination of Austrian crown prince and his wife in June 1914
  • Germany declares war on France and marches through Belgium, which is neutral
  • Great Britain declares war on Germany
  • employing women to work in factories to keep up the growing demand for supplies on the front
  • industrial working class, cooperation of government and business -> corporalism
  • to end the war, Germany would have to loose a lot of resources and territory => therefore they kept on fighting
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2
Q

chauvinism

A

superior feeling of dominance, nationalism and patriotism, aggressiveness towards one group, even ethnical

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3
Q

Berlin University commemorates the liberation from Napoleon

A

likeliness for military

patriotistic attitude

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4
Q

internal revolution for democracy in Germany

A

end of the monarchy, tyrant flees and settles down in the netherlands

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5
Q

recruitment of troops in the colonies

A

from India, Africa, China, South-East-Asia, South-America, United States

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6
Q

mass politics: women’s movements and feminism

A

managing the “masses”

  • > the right to own property
  • > the right to participate in politics
  • > the right to own property

Clara Zetkin & Rosa Luxemburg

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7
Q

social changes as a science

A
sociology, Ferdinand Toennies (competition
Emile Burkham (solidarity, rate of suicide higher in new groups)
gustave le bern (democracy is an important part of the government -> beaurocracy)
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8
Q

technocracy

A
  • > political decisions based on scientific and expert’s knowledge
  • > scientization / scientification
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9
Q

eugenics

A

science + political problems combined
best matches for reproduction
disabled, invalid genetics are not good for society

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10
Q

belle époque

A
classical modernism
second wave of industrialization
Urbanization
Secularization
women's gradual emancipation
critique of older norms
new art forms
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11
Q

strength of nations

A

relations between nations in Europe

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12
Q

The Crimean War

A

Russia tries to gain formal acceptance of Russian dominance over the Ottoman Empire => Mediterranean

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13
Q

Ottoman sultan declares war on Russia

A

-> receives support from Great Britain, France and the Kingdom of Sardinia (“doubtful strategy” in hindsight)

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14
Q

Britain is critical of Russia’s attempt

A

Effects:

  • France + prestige + influence
  • Russia: needs many years to recover and focuses on internal reform (liberation of peasants 1861)
  • Britain: (“splendid isolation”) => turns away from Europe
  • Ottoman Empire: remains weak
  • Austria becomes an enemy of Russia

Demise of the “Concert of Europe”

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15
Q

Bismarck’s “alliance system”

A

Russia, Austria, Germany => Three Emperor’s League 1872/73

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16
Q

Triple Alliance Renewal 1881

A

hypothesis that the triple alliance is a reason for World War I => Bismarck

17
Q

The “Eastern Question”

A

Declining power of the Ottoman Empire due to the internal nationalist conflicts, financial problems and conflicts with neighbouring countries

> imperial disintegration, lingering conflicts in the Balkans

18
Q

The European state system in 1890

A

intense rivalry and enmity between France and Germany

19
Q

Germany allied to two weak partners

A

Austria-Hungary and Italy

20
Q

Reassurance treaty between Russia and Germany: not very solid; France approaches Russia

A

> anxieties in Germany about encirclement

Great Britain is trying to stay out of continental affairs

21
Q

new imperialism

A

conquer new territory

economic exploitation of colonies

22
Q

the “scramble of Africa”

A

clash of colonies for prestige, international achknowledgment, feeling of superiority and resources and states

23
Q

imperialism

A

state policy, practice or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by growing political and economic control of other areas

24
Q

economic interests (trading companies)

A

> but investment into the colonies are higher than the gains

25
Q

individual actors

A

king leopold II

26
Q

domestic factors

A

nation-building, public opinion, diverting attention from social
> consumption of colonial luxury goods

27
Q

imagined nationalism

A

part of a community through reading newspaper