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the Enlightenment
a philosophical, intellectual and cultural movement
it stressed reason, logic, criticism and freedom of thought over dogma, blind faith and superstition
a philosophical, intellectual and cultural movement
it stressed reason, logic, criticism and freedom of thought over dogma, blind faith and superstition
the Enlightenment
G.W.F Hegel
main arguer for the German Idealism “the mental world is the only responsible for the reality”
main arguer for the German Idealism “the mental world is the only responsible for the reality”
G.W.F. Hegel
corporate society of orders
every part of society is ruled by the government,
Civil Society
every part of society is ruled by the government
Civil Society
corporate society of orders
paradox
something happening at the same time which cannot happen at this time because it would interfere logic
something happening at the same time which cannot happen at this time because it would interfere logice
paradox
aftermath
influences, causes, effects
influences, causes, effects
aftermath
realm
instance, level, position
instance, level, position
realm
the Chartists (British radicals of the 1830s and 1840s)
newspaper copies over 40.000 copies, radical, liberal ideas spread
newspaper copies over 40.000 copies, radical, liberal ideas spread
the Chartists (British radicals of the 1830s and 1840s)
type had to be set by hand
printing was done with stamps and plates and had to be set manually
printing was done with stamps and plates and had to be set manually
type had to be set by hand
a bottleneck
happening, part, portion
happening, part, portion
a bottleneck
strict libel laws
freedom of expression restricted by public manners
freedom of expression restricted by public manners
strict libel laws
to be literate
to have read and be able to talk about classics
to have read and be able to talk about classics
to be literate
Aesopian language
esoteric coding, a communication form that is covering meaningful information in innocent talking
esoteric coding, a communication form that is covering meaningful informaton in in innocent talking
Aesopian language
the catechism
a book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question and answer form
a book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question and answer form
the catechism
a broadsheet
newspaper having a huge publication
newspaper having a huge publication
a broadsheet
lines … were very blurred
unclear positioning
internecine freuds
struggle within a group or union
struggle within a group or union
internecine freuds
nascent
being born or evoked
being born or evoked
nascent
ubiquitous
present
present
ubiquitous
turnpike
a tollgate
a tollgate
turnpike
subversive
a radical supporter of political or social revolution
a radical supporter of political or social revolution
subversive
an absolutist regime
the power comes from one monarch who rules over every part of society
the power comes from one monarch who rules over every part of society
an absolutist regime
to be in the vanguard
the leading units of command, the head of an army
the leading units of command, the head of an army
to be in the vanguard
barrister
a British native who speaks in the higher courts of law
a British native who speaks in the higher courts of law
barrister
a parochial structure
relating to, supported or located in a parish
relating to, supported or located in a parish
a parochial structure
parliamentary caucus
governmental meeting in the parliament
governmental meeting in the parliament
parliamentary caucus
ramification
a development that complicates a situation
a development that complicates a situation
ramification
the upshot of the meeting
the climax
the climax
the upshot of the meeting
innocous
harmless, having no adverse effect
harmless, having no adverse effect
innocous
rudimentary
basically
basically
rudimentary
the belle epoque
demands for voices in votes of women
demands for voices in votes of women
the belle epoque
ephemeral
short-living
short-living
ephemeral
the notables
expanded council for the king or parliament
expanded council for the king or parliament
the notables
to augment
to empower, to improve
to empower, to improve
augment
nexus
central point in a wide-spread structure
central point in a wide-spread structure
nexus
the Sorbonne in Paris
one of the oldest universities in Paris
one of the oldest universities in Paris
the Sorbonne in Paris
to garner
to ornate, to decorate
to ornate, to decorate
to garner
mettle
high enthusiasm, yen, proclivity
high enthusiasm, yen, proclivity
mettle
canvass voters
to convince, to win voters
to convince, to win voters
canvass voters
a democratic franchise
a political idea that is spread over borders and states under the same flag
a political idea that is spread over borders and states under the same flag
a democratic franchise
to propound
to present
to present
to propound
salience
prominence, outstanding
prominence, outstanding
salience
to lionize
adore
adore
lionize
the Dreyfus Affiar
the military officer Alfred Dreyfus from France got accused to have deserted his country
the military officer Alfred Dreyfus from France got accused to have deserted his country
the Dreyfus Affair
NCO
non-commissioned officer
non-commissioned officer
NCO
futility
senseless, meaningless, aimless
senseless, meaningless, aimless
futility
the Paris Commune (1871)
socialist government, elected as city council
socialist government, elected as city council
the Paris Commune (1871)
secession
withdrawing from an union
withdrawing from an union
secession
intransigent
relentless, strongheaded
relentless, strongheaded
intransigent
the Habsburg Monarchy
a Germany princely family, prominent since the 13th century, that has furnished sovereigners to the Holy Roman Empire
a Germany princely family, prominent since the 13th century, that has furnished sovereigners to the Holy Roman Empire
the Habsburg Monarchy
demise
the fall
the fall
demise
to be foiled in one’s attempt
to prevent from being successful, to obscure so as to evade pursuers
to prevent from being successful, to obscure so as to evade pursuers
to be foiled in one’s attempt
adherent
a supporter, as of a cause
a supporter, as of a cause
adherent
to be buffeted by scandals
pounded or hit repeatedly by storms or adversities
pounded or hit repeatedly by storms or adversities
to be buffeted by scandals
anathema
a formal ecclestial ban, curse, or excommunication, a vehement denounciation
a formal ecclestial ban, curse, or excommunication, a vehement denounciation
anathema
bifurcation
to divide into two parts
to divide into two parts
bifurcation
