WW1 Unit Test 2 Flashcards
What were the benefits of Zeppelins?
- Fast and Silent
- Can go to high altitudes, cant be shot down
- Can fly long distance
- Can carry weapons such as a two ton bomb and machine guns
- Large Capacity, can move soldiers and supplies
- Can hide from search light if painted black
What are Zeppelins?
Zeppelins were air balloons/blimps that carried weapons and were excellent for their time during WW1
What were the problems with Zeppelins
- Costly to manufacture and use a lot of fuel
* Not accurate
What was the impact of Zeppelins?
- Terror Weapon
- Gave Germany an early advantage
- Forced development of planes
What were the problems with airplanes in WW1?
- Very bad at the time
- Poor at distance flying
- Engine was too heavy
- No place to put machine guns
What was the impact of planes on WW1?
- Used as scouts
- Used as bombers
- Caused stalemate in air
What were the problems with planes during WW1?
- Couldnt hold a lot of weight
- Can only fly for a short time
- Limited firepower
- Crank Operated
What was the impact of planes on WW1?
- Forced war into trenches
- Caused stalemates
- Caused a lot of deaths
- Mobile weapons
What was the Selective Service act?
An act that required all men between the ages of 21 and 30(later became 18 and 45) to register for the military service. Those who were physically fit were and claimed no exemptions were take
What was the Revenue Act?
An act that changed the taxable income from $3000 a year and up to $1000 a year and up. It also raised the tax range from 4 percent to 67 percent. Taxes were raised on corporations and goods like tobacco and alcohol.
What was the Liberty Loan Act?
An act passed that made it possible to borrow money by selling Liberty Bonds to the public. The government could also make loans to allies so they could buy food abd supplies from the US.
Who was William McAdoo?
The person elected by Wilson to take charge of the Liberty Loans drive.
What was the function of the war industries board?
The function of th war industries board was to spur production and stop waste. New factories were built and old ones were converted to wartime needs.
Who was Bernard Baruch?
The person elected by Wilson to face the difficult task of setting priorities for vital goods and making sure they were delivered on time. He also made sure new factories were built and old ones were converted to making goods for the war.
What was the function of the Fuel Administration?
The Fuel Administration increased the production of coal and oil, and rationed the amount of fuel Americans can burn in their homes. We also did daylight savings with England.
What was the function of the Railroad Administration Board?
The Railroad Administration took over the country’s railroads to move troops and supplies speedily to seaports. They were guided by the War Industries Board.
What was the function of the War Policy Board?
The War Policy Board was set up by Wilson and had the power to set standard wages, hours, and working conditions. Labor Leaders served on most boards. This resulted in high productivity and few strikes.
What was the function of the War Labor Board?
The War Labor Board was set up by Wilson and it was meant to keep relations between owners and workers running smoothly and settle labor disputes.
What were the functions of the Food Conversation Administration?
The Food Conservation Board was given the authority to set prices on crops, determine which farm products would be sent to Europe, and punish people whp hoarded food pr obtained unfair profits on food sales. They had wheatless Mondays and Wednesdays, meatless Tuesdays, etc. This was so we could supply the allies with food. This also helped with the ban on alcohol.
Who was Herbert Clark Hoover?
Herbert Clark Hoover was the head of the food conservation board.
What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Information(CPI)?
The CPI’s purpose was to promote the war domestically while publicizing American war aims abroad. They also limited harmful information to the public.
What was the Espionage Act of 1917?
An Act that says anyone found guilty of helping the enemy, hurting recruitment, or causing disloyalty in the militaru could be fined up to $10,000, or imprisoned up to 20 years. This act also allowed the postmaster general to ban any mail, material or newspaper that he found treasonable.
What is the Sedition Act of 1918?
The Sedition Act imposed severe penalties on those who said anything that interfered with war effort, or used abusive or disloyal language about the government, constitution, flag, or “uniform” of the army or navy.
What us the Trading with the enemy Act of 1917?
An Act that outlawed trade with Germany and called for censorship of publications exchanges between the US and foreign nations.
What was the War Industry Board?
The War Industry Board….
•converted factories to war
•made gov contracts for goods
•gov decides what goods to produce
•gov controls natural resources expand/improvement
•gov regulates price of goods
•gov becomes employment services and recruits women and African Americans(great northern migration)
What was the Great Northern Migration?
The migration of 400,000 African Americans to the northern US to get jobs for WW1.
What were War Gardens?
People planting gardens during WW1 to help conserve food for our troops.
What was the 1917 Volstead Act?
Banned production of Alcohol. Made need of grain, wheat, and sugar for war.
What was the Shipping Administration?
- govt contract 10 million tons ship
* govt builds ports and shipyards $60 million
What is deferment?
When the goverment excuses someone from war after drafting them
What is a conscientious objector?
People against the war who dont want to be deployed. They are not excused from war, but they go to a no-combat station.
What is Deployment?
Moving ready soldiers to battle.
What is the Schenk vs United States Supreme Court case?
The case where Charles Schenk went against the Espionage Act of unconstitutional and lost.
What is “Clear and Present danger”?
The quote used when the Supreme Court overuled Schenk because national security outweighs the First Amendment.
What were the problems with machine guns in WW1?
- Heavy, had to be mounted, needed 6-10 operators
- Had short bursts, overheat, get jammed, limited range
- Firepower limited: 400-600 rounds per minute
- Crank Operated
What were the improvements with machine guns in WW1?
- Submachine guns made
- Water cooling: built in system
- Firepower: 800-1200 rounds per minute. Material bullett belt
- Efficient: recoil power of previously fixed bullett to reload rather than hand powered
What was the impact of machine guns on WW1?
- Mobile, carried by men
- Forced war into trenches
- caused stalemates
- killer
What were the problems with chemical warfare in WW1?
- Tear gas, irritate eyes, coughing, sneezing
- Chemicals: Not lethal
- Delivery Systems: Limited Range, wind could reverse it, hand cranked
- Weather: Cold temps freeze gas vapors
- Not accurate
What were the improvements with Chemical Warfare in WW1?
- Better gas masks
- Delivery systems: artillery shells, cylinders for long range
- Made Chlorine, Mustard Gas, and Phosgene
What was Chlorine in WW1?
A gas used for Chemical Warfare that destroyed respiratory organs(choking attacks). Lips and mouth were parched and covered with a thick dry fur. It have sensation of suffocation.
What was Mustard Gas in WW1?
A gas used in chemical warfare that caused blistering skin, vomiting, sore eyes, internal and external bleeding, and death within 5 weeks. It was odorless and difficult to defend against. It also remained potent in soil weeks after being used.
What was Phosgene in WW1?
A gas used for Chemical Warfare. It was more lethal than chlorine. It embedded respiratory system so it caused less coughing and more inhaling. It was odorless and colorless. Choke people, caused rep failure, pulmonary failure, made you bleed out. It replaces oxygen cells in your body.
What were the impacts of Chemical Warfare on WW1?
- Terror Weapon
- High injuries, 10% deaths
- Created gaps in trenches, prolonged war
What were the problems with submarines in WW1?
- Slow speed, 11mph
- Low distance, 10 mile limit
- Took 1 hour to doce 100ft
- Engines: Slow, fumes, catch fire, lots of fuel
- Weapons: No deck guns, torpedos handcranked, explosive detonator, 2 mi 15mph, minelayers
What were the improvements on submarines in WW1?
- Speed: 20-35 mph
- Distance 100s miles
- Communication: Hydrophone, listen for propellers, sonar radio waves detect metal, Morse Code
- Weapon: Machine guns, air compressed torpedo spring, circle torpedo, magnetic torpedo
What were the impacts of submarines on WW1?
- Stealth
- Lusitania
- Brought blockades to a new level
What were the problems with tanks in WW1?
- Speed: 3mph, too heavy
- Engine: fumes, fireballs, inside with men
- Weapons: Turrets fall off or dont turn and get stuck to raud
What were the improvements with tanks in WW1?
- Speed: 10-12mph, lighter, series of functions
- Engine: diesel, outside chamber
- Operation: Steel plates, steel column, caterpillar tracks, unhitching beam for mud, rhombus shape
- Weapon: Rotating turret, machine guns
What was the impact of tanks on WW1?
- Bust trenches
- Revolutionize war: infantry mobile
- Germany’s war-losing weakness
Which parts of the war was Germany strong in?
Zeppelins
Machine Guns
Planes
Chemical Warfare
Which parts of the war was England strong in?
Tanks
Submarines
Which parts of the war was the USSR strong in?
Manpower
How did America mobilize with the war for machinery?
War Industry Board War Policy Board War Labor Board Food Administration Fuel Administration Railroad Administration Shipping Administration
How did America mobilize for the war with morale?
Espionage Act
Sedition Act
Trading with the Enemy Act
How did America mobilize for the war with manpower?
Selective Service Act
How did America mobilize for the war with money?
Revenue Act
Liberty Loan Act
What were the 10 main parts of the treaty of Versailles?
- Germany war guilt(war guilt clause)
- Germany loses 1/8 of empire gives Alsace Lorainne to France
- Germany loses financial investments and colonies in other lands
- Germany is disarmed
- Germany pays war reparations
- Establish democracy in Germany
- A-H, OT, Ger, and Russia break up into smaller nations.
- League of Nations
- Rhineland-Saar military occupation
- Poland gets Port of Danzig
What is the war guilt clause?
The clause in th Treaty of Versailles admitting Germany is 100% reaponsible for the war.
What is the Port of Danzig or “Polish Corridor”?
A port taken away from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles that was given to Poland. It was Germany’s biggest port.
What is “Self-Determination”?
The right of different ethnic groups within larger nations to have independence.
What is France’s attitude in the Treaty of Versailles?(What Georges Clemenceau wanted)
- Severely punish Germany
- Germany pays for all damages
- France gets Alsace Lorraine
- Take Rhineland
What is England’s attitude in the Treaty of Versailles?(What David Lloyd George wanted)
- Deal harshley with Germany(not as bad as France)
- Allow Germany to financially recover
- France doesnt take Rhineland
- Preserve colonies
The is America’s attitude with the Treaty of Versailles?(What Woodrow Wilson wanted)
- Self-Determination
- Dont give Italy land
- Take land away from empires
- Support league of nations
What was Italy’s attitude in the Treaty of Versailles?(What Vittorio Orlando wanted)
- Wanted part of A-H and ports
* Wanted reparations from Germany
What were the 14 points?
A piece treaty for WW1 made by Woodrow Wilson that got rejected by European countries and the congress/senate.
Who was the “Big Four” in the Treaty of Versailles?
- Georges Clemenceau
- David Lloyd George
- Woodrow Wilson
- Vittorio Orlando
What is the 25th Amendment?
The amendment made in case a president is sick. This was made because Woodrow Wilson had a stroke.
What is the “League of Nations”?
A place in a neutral area where world leaders can go to talk out world problems.
What was the goal of the 14 points?
For world peace and democracy.
What was the structure of the League of nations?
There were 4 bodies. The council The assembly The Permanent Court of injustice The Secratariat
What was The Council from The league of Nations?
- Met Several times a year and duringg emergencies
- 5 permanent members
- Each had the right to veto an idea
- discussed war issues
- Every important issue was discussed
- Eng, Fr, Jap, US, Italy
What was The Assembly from The league of Nations?
All countries not on The Council, they discussed social problems, everyone had to say yes.
What was the Permanent Court of International Justice in The league of Nations?
A group of countries who settle disputes and peacefully enforce international laws
What was the Secretariat from The league of Nations?
The secretary for The league of Nations, they organized meetings and kept records.
What were the strengths for The league of Nations?
- Many countries supported it and wanted peace
- Settled land disputes
- Helped refugees, dealt with spread of disease, fought for better conditions for people
What were the weaknesses for The league of Nations?
- USA never joined
- No real power, relied on goodwill and persuasion
- Never came up with army formula
- disarmament not realistic
- Structure was a disaster, everyone had to agree before action was taken
- Manchuria crisis, league should have stopped Japan
- Members did not follow rules, countries left when challenged(Japan, Germany, Italy)
- Aggressive nations ignored
- France and England leadership
- Members guilty of secret alliances
- No way to raise money
- Too slow to make decisions
