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History > WW1 Medicine > Flashcards

WW1 Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the 1st Battle of Ypres?

A

1914

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2
Q

What happened during the 1st Battle of Ypres?

A

First time using mines under German positions

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3
Q

When was the 2nd Battle of Ypres?

A

1915

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4
Q

What happened during the 2nd Battle of Ypres

A

First use of chlorine gas by Germans

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5
Q

When was the Battle of the Somme?

A

1916

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6
Q

What happened during the Battle of the Somme?

A

Bloodiest battle
400000 casualties
Used first tanks

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7
Q

When was the Battle of Arras?

A

1917

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8
Q

What happened during the Battle of Arras?

A

British built tunnels for bases and an underground hospital with 700 beds

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9
Q

When was the Battle of Cambrai?

A

1918

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10
Q

What happened during the Battle of Cambrai?

A

First tank battle (450 tanks used)

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11
Q

What was used to transport the wounded?

A

Stretcher bearers
Horse ambulance
Ambulance cars
Trains

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12
Q

What was the problem with horse ambulances?

A

Often made patients worse beacuse of the shaky, unstable journey

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13
Q

What was the problem with ambulance cars?

A

Shortage at the start of war
Hard to drive on destroyed roads

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14
Q

What were the names of the trenches (in order from closest to No Man’s Land)?

A

Frontline
Support
Reserve
All linked via the communication trenches

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15
Q

What structure was used to prevent trench foot in the trenches?

A

Duckboard

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16
Q

What was a dugout?

A

Hole in trench used for cover

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17
Q

What caused trench foot?

A

Standing in waterlogged trenches with no change of boots or socks

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18
Q

How did they try to prevent trench foot?

A

Soldiers carried 3 pairs of socks and changed them twice in a day
Whale oil rubbed onto feet
Tried pumping water out of trenches

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19
Q

What were the different types of gases used?

A

Chlorine, phosgene, mustard

20
Q

When was chlorine gas first used?

A

1915

21
Q

When was phosgene gas first used?

A

1915

22
Q

When was mustard gas first used?

A

1917

23
Q

What did mustard gas do?

A

Caused internal + external blisters even through clothes

24
Q

What were the symptoms of shellshock?

A

Tiredness
Nightmares
Loss of speech
Uncontrollable shaking
Complete mental breakdown

25
Q

What was trench fever?

A

Flu-like illness caused by lice, affected 500000 soldiers
Prevented using delousing stations

26
Q

What percentage of injuries were caused by shrapnel/artillery shells?

A

58%

27
Q

Who were the RAMC?

A

Royal Army Medical Corps
Responsible for medical care and organised treatments

28
Q

Who were the FANY?

A

First Aid Nursing Yeomanry
Drove ambulances, delivered supplies to the battlefield and set up mobile baths

29
Q

What were the steps of the chain of evacuation?

A

Regimental Aid Post ->
Advanced Dressing Station ->
Casualty Clearing Station ->
Base Hospital

30
Q

What did Regimental Aid Posts do?

A

Close to front line, gave immediate first aid

31
Q

What did Advanced Dressing Stations do?

A

Dealt with more serious issues
Had medical officers but no surgery

32
Q

What did Casualty Clearing Stations do?

A

Had doctors, x-ray machines and operating theatres
Treated critical injuries

33
Q

What did Base Hospitals do?

A

Treated the worst of the worst
Had the most equipment and technology
Even some specialist hospitals for things like head wounds or plastic surgery existed

34
Q

When were x-rays discovered?

A

1901

35
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

A

Wilhelm Roentgen

36
Q

What were the issues with early x-ray machines?

A

Slow and impossible to move around

37
Q

What were the issues with mobile x-ray units?

A

Took ages
Poor quality images
Overheated very quickly (could only be used 3 times an hour)

38
Q

When and how could blood start being stored?

A

1915
Sodium Citrate stopped blood clotting

39
Q

When was the Thomas Splint invented?

A

1915

40
Q

How did the Thomas Splint work?

A

Kept leg straight to bone would heal in correct position
Survival rates increased form 20% to 80%

41
Q

How was brain surgery improved?

A

Development of magnets to withdraw metal objects from skull
Local anaesthetics used to stop brain swelling
Chain of evacuation meant that people with head injuries were taken to hospitals faster
Specialist base hospitals built just for head injuries

42
Q

Who pioneered plastic surgery?

A

Harold Giles

43
Q

How was plastic surgery done?

A

Using skin grafts (taking skin from one area of the body and putting it on another)
Using jaw splints, wiring and replacement cheeks

44
Q

How many specialist hospitals for plastic surgery were in France by 1915?

A

7, totalling to 12000 operations done

45
Q

How was gas gangrene treated?

A

Amputation
Wound excision - cutting away dead tissue around a wound to reduce infection
The Carrel-Dakin method - sterilised salt solution pumped in wound through tube

46
Q

What were the issues with the Carrel-Dakin method?

A

Only lasted for 6 hours
There wasn’t enough of it
Had to be ready made beforehand

History (10 decks)

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