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wtf sehs test all the shit Flashcards

1
Q

sensory function

A

detecting internal stimuli, such as an increase in blood acidity

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2
Q

integrative function

A

analyzing (and storing some) sensory information and making decisions for responses

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3
Q

motor function

A

responding to integration decisions: in other words, motor (or efferent) neurons carry information from the brain towards the spinal cord (or from the brain and spinal cord to, for example, muscle fibres)

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4
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels

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5
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of blood vessels

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6
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Specialized cells located in muscles, tendons, joints.

They provide information about body position, muscle length and tension, position and movement of joints, and help maintain balance

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7
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemicals in the mouth, nose, and body fluids.

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8
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Pressure sensitive nerve cells

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9
Q

The nervous system are divided into two main divisions

A

The central nervous system CNS
The peripheral nervous system PNS

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10
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature change

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11
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Pain receptors

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanical pressure on the body and distortion of the body

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13
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Detect light

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14
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Osmotic pressure. Concentration of solutes within the body

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15
Q

The CNS consists of what

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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16
Q

The PNS consists of what

A

All the nerves outside the CNS

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17
Q

What is glycogen

A

The storage form of glucose

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18
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

A molecule that provides energy for muscle contraction when it is split

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19
Q

4 ways of heat transfer within the body

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

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20
Q

What is hyperthermia

A

An elevated body temp. usually above 39⁰C

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21
Q

all you know about Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

released from the ADRENAL gland
increases heart rate
fight or flight
dilate airways to the lungs
increase blood flow to the heart
increase blood levels of glucose and fatty acids

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22
Q

all you know about Insulin and glucagon

A

produced by the pancreas
help regulate blood sugar concentration

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23
Q

what is the difference between insulin and glucagon?

A

insulin lower blood glucose levels while glucagon raises blood glucose levels

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24
Q

all you know about estrogen

A

different name for oestrogen
female sex hormone
secreted by the ovaries
promotes secondary sex characteristics (voice pitch, hair growth, breast development)
lowers blood cholesterol

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25
all you know about progesterone
female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries menstrual cycle (inner lining of the uterus) pregnancy
26
difference and similarity between estrogen and progesterone
estrogen promotes breast development while progesterone doesnt they are both female sex hormones that are secreted by the ovaries
27
all you know about testosterone
male sex hormone secreted by the testes crucial for the development of sperm development and maintenance of male secondary characteristics (body hair, deeper voice) aids in muscle growth and repair helps in production of erythropoietin
28
what does erythropoietin do?
it ensures that the body has enough oxygen carrying red blood cells
29
what’s the difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones?
steroid are fat-soluble while non-steroid are non fat-soluble
30
name the three main sources of information that increase or decrease hormone secretion and what they do
Neural - info from the nervous system Humoral - info about changes in the chemistry of the blood Hormonal - info about changes in other hormone levels
31
all you know about the master gland
pituitary gland most important for maintaining homeostasis hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland therefore it is the master gland Release of growth hormone and oxytocin
32
what is homeostasis?
process where the the body’s organ system, tissues and cells work to regulate the body’s internal environment
33
all you know about pineal gland
Release of melatonin
34
all you know about hypothalamus
Controls pituitary gland Release of growth hormone Control center
35
all you know about kidneys
Mineral levels Release of erythropoetin
36
all you know about thyroid
Maintaining homeostasis temperature Release of T3 and T4
37
all you know about adrenal gland
Cortisol Adrenaline and noradrenaline
38
Describe the sequence of the homeostasis process (3functions)
Stimulus -> receptor -> effector-> stimulus
39
What is the homeostasis state (normal) for: a) blood pH b) Blood pressure c) body temperature
a) 7.4 b) 139 mmHg c) 37degrees i think? Ion remember
40
Explain positive and negative feedback loops
Positive - feedback serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached Negative - feedback serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range
41
What basic components make up feedback mechanisms
A receptor (such as nerve endings in the skin that sense temperature) A control center (such as the hypothalamus) An effector (such as shivering if your body temperature drops sharply)
42
what is non-shivering thermogenesis
Process by which the body generates heat in response to cold temperature exposure without shivering
43
explain shivering
When exposed to cold, the hypothalamus triggers rapid, small muscle contractions, which increase metabolic activity and produce heat as a byproduct.
44
what is the difference between acclimatization and acclimation
acclimatization is a natural adaptation while acclimation is acclimatization in an artificial environment
45
the body relies on what systems for energy production to sustain life and physical activity?
phosphagen system / ATP-PC glycolytic system / lactic acid system anaerobic system / oxidative system
46
what is VO2max?
maximal oxygen consumption
47
what is metabolism?
all chemical processes in living organisms required for the maintenance of life
48
Metabolism consists of what phases?
anabolism catabolism
49
what is anabolism
One of the two phases of metabolism The constructive phase of metabolism where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules e.g. glucose molecules convert into glycogen
50
what is catabolism?
One of the two phases of metabolism the destructive phase of metabolism where larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules e.g. triglycerides convert to glycerol and fatty acids
51
what is the Krebs cycle? (definition)
series of chemical reactions that produce a large quantity of ATP
52
describe carbohydrate hydrolysis process
Carbohydrates get broken down to the basic sugars (glucose and galactose) with help of water molecules and enzymes
53
describe the Cori cycle
Glucose is broken down to pyruvate if no oxygen, pyruvate turns into lactate then lactate is sent back to see if oxygen is present if yes then lactate turns into pyruvate
54
After the Cori cycle, Pyruvate is converted into what?
Acetyl-CoA
55
In the Krebs cycle the Acetyl CoA is converted into what?
citrate
56
When citrate is broken, two coenzymes are released (and energy). What are the names of the two coenzymes
NADH FADH2
57
fats(lipids) we are are ingested and stored in _______ ______ as _____________
adipose tissues triglycerides
58
Triglycerides undergo enzyme breakdowns and they are turned into _____ _____ _____ and ________
free fatty acids glycerol
59
When triglycerides undergo enzyme breakdowns and are turned into free fatty acids and glycerol. What hormones start this process and how?
glucagon, adrenaline and noradrenaline by signaling the enzymes
60
what do NADH and FADH2 do in the electron transport chain?
boom boom boom ATP
61
describe Beta oxidation
Free fatty acids turn into Acetyl-CoA Acetyl moves into Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate and forms citrate that then transforms into different NADH and FADH2.
62
protein gets broken down into what?
amino acids
63
what is deamination
when amino acids become keto acids and ammonia
64
what are keto acids converted into?
Acetyl CoA, pyruvate and other intermediates
65
glucose is broken down to provide energy. Whats the name of this process
glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate)
66
what happens to glycose that is not used immediately?
it is stored as glucogen
67
what is glycogenolysis?
the conversion of glycogen into glucose
68
what is glycogenesis?
the conversion of glucose into glycogen
69
whats the difference between glycogenolysis and glycogenesis
glycogenolysis - the conversion of glycogen into glucose glycogenesis - the conversion of glucose into glycogen
70
what are the main four constantly fluctuating hormones in a menstrual cycle
oestrogen progesterone luteinizing hormone follicle stimulating hormone
71
what are the two main distinct phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular and luteal
72
what are the two main compartments present in fluids
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - inside cells - 2/3 of body fluid Extracellular fluid (ECF) - outside cells - 1/3 of body fluid
73
How do the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and the kidneys work to regulate water and electrolyte balance.
Hormone called ADH - antidiuretic hormone acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance in the body. When the body is dehydrated or has high level of electrolytes, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release more ADH this causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water, produce less urine and help maintain the body’s electrolyte balance
74
define hypertonicity and hypotonicity
hypertonicity - high electrolyte concentration hypotonicity - low electrolyte concentration
75
what is osmosis?
movement of water from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
76
What are electrolytes (definition)
Substances that conduct electricity through the movement of ion

sehs (8 decks)

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