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energy energy energy Flashcards

1
Q

the body relies on what systems for energy production to sustain life and physical activity?

A

phosphagen system = ATP-PC
glycolytic system = lactic acid system
anaerobic system = oxidative system

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2
Q

what is VO2max?

A

maximal oxygen consumption

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3
Q

what is VO2max influenced by?

A

age
sex differences
body composition
lifestyle factors
level of fitness

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4
Q

The amount of _____________,___ and ________ in the diet determine the availability of energy

A

carbohydrates, fat and proteins

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5
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all chemical processes in living organisms required for the maintenance of life

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6
Q

Metabolism consists of what phases?

A

anabolism
catabolism

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7
Q

what is anabolism

A

One of the two phases of metabolism
The constructive phase of metabolism where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules
e.g. glucose molecules convert into glycogen

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8
Q

what is catabolism?

A

One of the two phases of metabolism
the destructive phase of metabolism where larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules
e.g. triglycerides convert to glycerol and fatty acids

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9
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

cell components
powerhouse of the cell

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10
Q

where are mitochondria located in the human body?

A

they are present in all human cells except or red blood cells

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11
Q

What are the only site in which oxygen is used?

A

mitochondria

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12
Q

what is the Krebs cycle? (definition)

A

series of chemical reactions that produce a large quantity of ATP

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13
Q

what does ATP stand for? (probably not necessary)

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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14
Q

what are the three primary energy systems in the human body?

A

ATP-PC system
lactic acid system / anaerobic glycolysis
aerobic/oxidative system

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15
Q

What is the ATP-PC system used for?

A

used for high-intensity, short duration exercises

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16
Q

How does ATP-PC system resynthesize ATP?

A

by breaking down phosphocreatine (PC) to release energy

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17
Q

what is the duration of ATP-PC system

A

0-10seconds

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18
Q

give an example of an exercise that uses the ATP-PC system

A

100m sprint

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19
Q

what is the lactic acid system also known as? (AKA)

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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20
Q

what is the primary function of the lactic acid system/ anaerobic glycolysis?

A

to produce ATP by breaking down glucose into lactic acid

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21
Q

give an example of an exercise that uses the lactic acid system / anaerobic glycolysis

A

400m sprint

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22
Q

what is the duration of lactic acid system/ anaerobic glycolysis?

A

10seconds to 2minutes

23
Q

what is aerobic/oxidative systems primary characteristics

A

it requires oxygen to produce the most ATP

24
Q

what substrates does the aerobic/oxidative system utilize?

A

carbohydrates, fats and sometimes proteins

25
Q

what is the duration of aerobic/oxidative system?

A

over 2minutes

26
Q

give an example of an exercise that uses aerobic/oxidative system

A

marathon running

27
Q

how do the energy system interact during exercise

A

they work on a continuum, with one system becoming predominant based on intensity and duration

28
Q

what energy system is predominant in short duration, high intensity activities?

A

ATP-PC system

29
Q

what energy system is predominant in medium duration, moderate intensity activities?

A

lactic acid / anaerobic glycolysis

30
Q

what energy system is predominant in long duration, low intensity activities?

A

aerobic / oxidative

31
Q

What is the significance of understanding energy systems in sports?

A

It helps optimize performance and training by tailoring programs to enhance each energy system.

32
Q

describe carbohydrate hydrolysis process

A

Carbohydrates get broken down to the basic sugars (glucose and galactose) with help of water molecules and enzymes

33
Q

describe the Cori cycle

A

Glucose is broken down to pyruvate
if no oxygen, pyruvate turns into lactate
then lactate is sent back to see if oxygen is present
if yes then lactate turns into pyruvate

34
Q

After the Cori cycle, Pyruvate is converted into what?

A

Acetyl-CoA

35
Q

In the Krebs cycle the Acetyl CoA is converted into what?

A

citrate

36
Q

When citrate is broken, two coenzymes are released (and energy). What are the names of the two coenzymes

A

NADH
FADH2

37
Q

fats(lipids) we are are ingested and stored in _______ ______ as _____________

A

adipose tissues
triglycerides

38
Q

Triglycerides undergo enzyme breakdowns and they are turned into _____ _____ _____ and ________

A

free fatty acids
glycerol

39
Q

When triglycerides undergo enzyme breakdowns and are turned into free fatty acids and glycerol. What hormones start this process and how?

A

glucagon, adrenaline and noradrenaline
by signalling the enzymes

40
Q

what do NADH and FADH2 do in the electron transport chain?

A

boom boom boom ATP

41
Q

describe Beta oxidation

A

Free fatty acids turn into Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl moves into Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate and forms citrate that then transforms into different NADH and FADH2.

42
Q

protein gets broken down into what?

A

amino acids

43
Q

what is deamination

A

when amino acids become keto acids and ammonia

44
Q

what are keto acids converted into?

A

Acetyl CoA, pyruvate and other intermediates

45
Q

glucose is broken down to provide energy. Whats the name of this process

A

glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate)

46
Q

what happens to glycose that is not used immediately?

A

it is stored as glycogen

47
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

the conversion of glycogen into glucose

48
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

the conversion of glucose into glycogen

49
Q

whats the difference between glycogenolysis and glycogenesis

A

glycogenolysis - the conversion of glycogen into glucose
glycogenesis - the conversion of glucose into glycogen

50
Q

who has lower absolute VO2max? males or females?

A

females

51
Q

who has lower relative VO2max? males or females?

A

females

52
Q

what is running economy (RE)?

A

the steady state oxygen consumption at a given running velocity

53
Q

what is the lactate inflection point? (AKA lactate threshold)

A

the point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity

54
Q

what does EPOC stand for?

A

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

sehs (4 decks)

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