energy energy energy

Question 1

the body relies on what systems for energy production to sustain life and physical activity?

Answer 1

phosphagen system = ATP-PC
glycolytic system = lactic acid system
anaerobic system = oxidative system

Question 2

what is VO2max?

Answer 2

maximal oxygen consumption

Question 3

what is VO2max influenced by?

Answer 3

age
sex differences
body composition
lifestyle factors
level of fitness

Question 4

The amount of _____________,___ and ________ in the diet determine the availability of energy

Answer 4

carbohydrates, fat and proteins

Question 5

what is metabolism?

Answer 5

all chemical processes in living organisms required for the maintenance of life

Question 6

Metabolism consists of what phases?

Answer 6

anabolism
catabolism

Question 7

what is anabolism

Answer 7

One of the two phases of metabolism
The constructive phase of metabolism where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules
e.g. glucose molecules convert into glycogen

Question 8

what is catabolism?

Answer 8

One of the two phases of metabolism
the destructive phase of metabolism where larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules
e.g. triglycerides convert to glycerol and fatty acids

Question 9

What are mitochondria?

Answer 9

cell components
powerhouse of the cell

Question 10

where are mitochondria located in the human body?

Answer 10

they are present in all human cells except or red blood cells

Question 11

What are the only site in which oxygen is used?

Answer 11

mitochondria

Question 12

what is the Krebs cycle? (definition)

Answer 12

series of chemical reactions that produce a large quantity of ATP

Question 13

what does ATP stand for? (probably not necessary)

Answer 13

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 14

what are the three primary energy systems in the human body?

Answer 14

ATP-PC system
lactic acid system / anaerobic glycolysis
aerobic/oxidative system

Question 15

What is the ATP-PC system used for?

Answer 15

used for high-intensity, short duration exercises

Question 16

How does ATP-PC system resynthesize ATP?

Answer 16

by breaking down phosphocreatine (PC) to release energy

Question 17

what is the duration of ATP-PC system

Answer 17

0-10seconds

Question 18

give an example of an exercise that uses the ATP-PC system

Answer 18

100m sprint

Question 19

what is the lactic acid system also known as? (AKA)

Answer 19

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 20

what is the primary function of the lactic acid system/ anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 20

to produce ATP by breaking down glucose into lactic acid

Question 21

give an example of an exercise that uses the lactic acid system / anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 21

400m sprint

Question 22

what is the duration of lactic acid system/ anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 22

10seconds to 2minutes

Question 23

what is aerobic/oxidative systems primary characteristics

Answer 23

it requires oxygen to produce the most ATP

Question 24

what substrates does the aerobic/oxidative system utilize?

Answer 24

carbohydrates, fats and sometimes proteins

Question 25

what is the duration of aerobic/oxidative system?

Answer 25

over 2minutes

Question 26

give an example of an exercise that uses aerobic/oxidative system

Answer 26

marathon running

Question 27

how do the energy system interact during exercise

Answer 27

they work on a continuum, with one system becoming predominant based on intensity and duration

Question 28

what energy system is predominant in short duration, high intensity activities?

Answer 28

ATP-PC system

Question 29

what energy system is predominant in medium duration, moderate intensity activities?

Answer 29

lactic acid / anaerobic glycolysis

Question 30

what energy system is predominant in long duration, low intensity activities?

Answer 30

aerobic / oxidative

Question 31

What is the significance of understanding energy systems in sports?

Answer 31

It helps optimize performance and training by tailoring programs to enhance each energy system.

Question 32

describe carbohydrate hydrolysis process

Answer 32

Carbohydrates get broken down to the basic sugars (glucose and galactose) with help of water molecules and enzymes

Question 33

describe the Cori cycle

Answer 33

Glucose is broken down to pyruvate if no oxygen, pyruvate turns into lactate then lactate is sent back to see if oxygen is present if yes then lactate turns into pyruvate

Question 34

After the Cori cycle, Pyruvate is converted into what?

Answer 34

Acetyl-CoA

Question 35

In the Krebs cycle the Acetyl CoA is converted into what?

Answer 35

citrate

Question 36

When citrate is broken, two coenzymes are released (and energy). What are the names of the two coenzymes

Answer 36

NADH FADH2

Question 37

fats(lipids) we are are ingested and stored in _______ ______ as _____________

Answer 37

adipose tissues triglycerides

Question 38

Triglycerides undergo enzyme breakdowns and they are turned into _____ _____ _____ and ________

Answer 38

free fatty acids glycerol

Question 39

When triglycerides undergo enzyme breakdowns and are turned into free fatty acids and glycerol. What hormones start this process and how?

Answer 39

glucagon, adrenaline and noradrenaline by signalling the enzymes

Question 40

what do NADH and FADH2 do in the electron transport chain?

Answer 40

boom boom boom ATP

Question 41

describe Beta oxidation

Answer 41

Free fatty acids turn into Acetyl-CoA Acetyl moves into Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate and forms citrate that then transforms into different NADH and FADH2.

Question 42

protein gets broken down into what?

Answer 42

amino acids

Question 43

what is deamination

Answer 43

when amino acids become keto acids and ammonia

Question 44

what are keto acids converted into?

Answer 44

Acetyl CoA, pyruvate and other intermediates

Question 45

glucose is broken down to provide energy. Whats the name of this process

Answer 45

glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate)

Question 46

what happens to glycose that is not used immediately?

Answer 46

it is stored as glycogen

Question 47

what is glycogenolysis?

Answer 47

the conversion of glycogen into glucose

Question 48

what is glycogenesis?

Answer 48

the conversion of glucose into glycogen

Question 49

whats the difference between glycogenolysis and glycogenesis

Answer 49

glycogenolysis - the conversion of glycogen into glucose glycogenesis - the conversion of glucose into glycogen

Question 50

who has lower absolute VO2max? males or females?

Answer 50

females

Question 51

who has lower relative VO2max? males or females?

Answer 51

females

Question 52

what is running economy (RE)?

Answer 52

the steady state oxygen consumption at a given running velocity

Question 53

what is the lactate inflection point? (AKA lactate threshold)

Answer 53

the point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity

Question 54

what does EPOC stand for?

Answer 54

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption