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WSPU Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the NUWSS?

A

from 1897
led by Millicent Fawcett
focused on unifying the many groups campaigning for female suffrage

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2
Q

How did the WSPU begin?

A
  • 1903 in Manchester
  • EP broke away from the ILP
  • autocratically led by the Pankhursts, who demanded complete obedience
  • no constitution, annual meetings or accounts.
  • moved to London in 1905
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3
Q

What were the aims of the WSPU?

A
  • pressure the ILP, who were divided over their support for the WSPU
  • achieve female suffrage at an equal status to men (so votes for all m/c)
  • free women from enslavement in social role of insufficient rights
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4
Q

what were the early tactics of the WSPU? (up to 1908)

A
  • ‘The suffragette’ journal
  • marches such as the may day parades, with iconic green and purple banners
  • February 1907 mud march
  • June 1908 march of 30,000 women
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5
Q

what forms of militancy were already present in 1908?

A
  • heckling ministers at public meetings

- hunger strikes in prison, made famous by Marrion Wallace-Dunlop

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6
Q

What evidence is there of increased militancy 1909-1910?

A
  • CP led a wave of attacks on property in 1909, including the hose of Lloyd George
  • storm political locations such as downing street, where 27 were arrested in 1909 for throwing stones through the windows
  • 18th November 1910 Black Friday
  • 1909, gov start force feeding those in jail
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7
Q

what happened 1911-12?

A

in 1911 the government proposed the conciliation bill, and the WSPU suspended militant tactics.
The bill failed due to lack of parliamentary time and the WSPU considered this a betrayal

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8
Q

how did militancy escalate 1912-14?

A
  • wave of attacks in west end shops, post boxes and golf courses
  • Rokeby Venus slashed by a knife
  • In Bristol, suffragettes burned a uni building, timber yard and two mansions
  • Emily Davison 1913
  • 1913 Cat and Mouse Act
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9
Q

what was the effect of increased militancy 1912-14?

A

reduced public support

tensions within the WSPU, which EP dealt with by expelling members

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10
Q

What happened to the WSPU in 1914?

A

when ww1 broke out the WSPU ended militant campaigns as a show of patriotism. The Suffragette journal was renamed the Britannia

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11
Q

What was Emmeline Pankhurst’s role within the WSPU?

A
  • member of liberal party
  • 1889, formed Women’s Franchise league
  • became frustrated and founded WSPU
  • dictatorial leader, barred men from involvement. NUWSS was more democratic.
  • led marches, gave public speeches, imprisoned several times
  • when many left in 1913, her firm leadership held it together
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12
Q

What was Sylvia Pankhurst’s role within the WSPU?

A
  • artist. Did posters, banners and journal covers
  • imprisoned in 1906 and 1913 and joined hunger strikes
  • never fully supported militancy
  • close relationship with Keir Hardie and labour
  • 1913 left to form ELFS, gaining support from the working classes
  • Her 1913-14 arrests led to fighting between supporters and police, bringing attention to WSPU and damaging some mc support
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13
Q

What was Christabel Pankhurst’s role within the WSPU?

A
  • studied law
  • particularly radical
  • 1905 arrested with Annie Kenney
  • organised meetings and protests
  • jailed 1907 and 1909
  • exiled self to France 1913
  • maintained militancy and focus on female suffrage
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14
Q

What was Emily Davison’s role within the WSPU?

A
  • several prison senatnces
  • 1909 threw rocks at carriage of Lloyd George. Spent month in prison, where she went on a hunger strike and locked self in cell. Prison flooded her out and she nearly drowned
    • sued prison, gaining publicity
  • 1913 Epson Derby, huge publicity
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15
Q

How did the conservative government (1895-1905) view the issue of female suffrage?

A
  • hostile
  • would consider enfranchising properties women, as they would vote for the conservatives
  • Salisbury, Balfour and Bonar Law were all willing to consider limited female suffrage
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16
Q

How did the liberal government (1905-22) view the issue of female suffrage?

A
  • open support
  • 1907 and 1909 Women’s suffrage bill
  • feared giving vote to women might increase the strength of some pressure groups and give advantage to conservatives
  • Asquith particularly opposed suffrage, but from 1916 Lloyd George was more supportive
17
Q

How did the labour party view the issue of female suffrage?

A
  • wanted universal suffrage for all women and men
  • didn’t want mere m/c enfranchisement so fell put with WSPU
  • only 29 MPs by 1906 anyway
18
Q

How did the general government view the issue of female suffrage?

A
  • overall lack of consensus meant there was no real government support
  • in 1906 400/650 MPs supported some form of female suffrage but no bills were successfully passed until 1918
19
Q

How did the government respond to increasing militancy?

A
  • initial relaxed stance, as many activists had connections to political parties anyway
  • as militancy increased so did arrests, which did not look good for the gov, especially once activists learned jujitsu
    • combatted by short prison sentences and fines, which reduced publicity opportunities
20
Q

How did the government respond to hunger strikes?

A
  • force feeding restrained prisoners
  • 1913 cat and mouse act
    • created controversy but prevented any deaths in prison that would create a martyr
21
Q

What happened with the Women’s suffrage bill 1909?

A
  • would give some women and all men the vote
  • passed the second reading stage
  • not given enough debate time
  • other considerations took precedent e.g. peoples budget and social welfare programmes funded by higher taxes on the wealthy
  • focus on 1910 election campaigns instead
22
Q

What happened with the Conciliation Committee 1910?

A
  • NUWSS and WSPU joined forces to aim for limited suffrage
  • halt on militant activities
  • petition of 250,000 names
  • No support from Asquith
  • passed second reading by 100 votes, but Asquith declared there was no time to debate
23
Q

What happened with the Conciliation Bill 1911?

A
  • this time as a private members bill
  • was promised a week of parliamentary time
  • passed its reading
  • simultaneously, Asquith proposed a universal male suffrage law with female suffrage added
  • after increased violence the bill was abandoned
24
Q

What happened with the Conciliation Bill 1912?

A

-this time it was voted down

  • issue of Irish home rule became more serious so Irish MPs voted against
  • WSPU militancy had alienated most
25
Q

What happened with the Government Franchise Bill 1913?

A
  • Bill for increased male suffrage
  • Asquith suggested an amendment adding female suffrage
  • Speaker in HoC said it was not legally possible to add the female suffrage
  • arson attacks in 1913 pushed away moderate supporters
26
Q

Did the WSPU get much support?

A

Arguably attracted support for NUWSS who had 50,000 members by 1913
WSPU never got more than 2,000 members
Main journal, votes for women, small circulation of 20,000

27
Q

why did the WSPU have limited support?

A
  • militant tactics alienate upper and middle classes
  • only appealed to those with property and status. w/c more concerned with social equality not vote. WSP insisted on only focusing on one issue
  • alienated male support
  • Pankhurst’s dictatorial style
  • alienate political allies e.g. Lloyd George
28
Q

what was the effect of Pankhurst’s dictatorial style?

A

1907 supporters left to form Women’s freedom league

1912 supporters left to form the United suffragists

29
Q

How could the WSPU be considered successful?

A
  • attracted publicity
  • increased attention led more to join the NUWSS
  • Bills in gov
  • 1918 act could be fuelled by desire to prevent return to militancy in post-war period
30
Q

How could the WSPU be considered unsuccessful?

A
  • marches and protests were met with anti-suffrage violence
  • increasing public criticism
  • 1897, 1904, 1907 and 1911 bills passed their second reading with overwhelming support
    • 11912 and 1913 bills rejected due to less support

British History (12 decks)

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