TUs - General strike Flashcards

1
Q

what was the economic situation in GB prior to 1926?

A
  • business leaders cut £12 million weekly from the nation’s wage bill
  • British competitiveness did not increase
  • wage reductions reduced domestic demand and increased unemployment
  • increased competition from USA and Germany meant miners wages were cut again
  • (many owners had failed to invest n new and efficient production techniques during ww1)
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2
Q

How did the economic situation prior to 1926 help contribute to the general strike?

A
  • British trade stagnated
  • unemployment hit 1 million
  • GB returned to gold standard in 1925
  • -increased deflation and made economic expansion difficult
  • -exports were too expensive meaning more wage cuts
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3
Q

What was red Friday?

A
  • June 1925 mine owners aimed to cut wages by 13% and increase hours from 7 to 8
  • GC ordered an embargo to halt coal imports in the vent of a strike

-to prevent a strike, Baldwin backed down, offering a 9 month gov subsidy of £23m to support miners’ wages

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4
Q

when was red friday?

A

31st July 1925

reversal of collapse of Black Friday

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5
Q

What were the effects of Red Friday?

A
  • bought gov crucial time to organise for future militancy
  • encouraged hope or TUs that socialism was near
  • Right wing saw RF as a catastrophe - Ramsay MacDonald believed it would encourage revolutionaries and discredit labour
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6
Q

How did the Government prepare for impending conflict with the TUs after Red Friday?

A
  • organised counter strike measures overseen bt the STC
    • resources were stockpiled and local networks of volunteers were established
  • the OMS and Economic League recruited m/c and u/c volunteers to keep services running
  • troops were deployed to sensitive areas
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7
Q

How did the TUs prepare for impending conflict with the Government after Red Friday?

A

-was completely inactive
-Unions even temporarily refused to grant powers to the GC to call an all-out strike and conduct negotiations
(lack of trust after black Friday)

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8
Q

How did relations worsen in the months leading up to the General Strike?

A
  • The mine owners and miners’ union both rejected the findings of the Samuel Commission
  • SC had proposed a temporary reduction of wages by 13.5%, sharing of profits, almgagamtion of smaller mines
  • TUC called for continued negotiations
  • impasse reached. Owners locked out miners on April 29th 1926 who refused to accept reductions of 10-25%
  • TUC called unions to unite
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9
Q

What prompted the TUC to call a strike?

A

The OMS’s posters looking for recruits

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10
Q

why was the general strike unavoidable?

A

on May 1 the TUC voted for a general strike to occur on May 3
Baldwin was under pressure from Anti-trade union conservatives, so couldn’t back down and repeat red Friday
TUC could not back down and risk a repeat of black Friday

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11
Q

How were the volunteers deployed to reduce the effects of the strike?

A
  • few of the 300,000 volunteers were needed
  • gov formed a body of reserve policemen, wisely avoiding use of armed forces
  • local authorities in towns kept resources flowing
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12
Q

Where did the volunteers work?

A
  • 460 worked at docks
  • London underground was run by 2000 Cambridge undergraduates
  • special constables
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13
Q

How was the media and propaganda used by the government?

A
  • British Gazette was edited by Churchill
    • deliberately raised fears of a revolutionary threat
  • BBC avoided sympathetic tone to TUs
  • British Worker had to reduce publication to 4 pages when Churchill bought all the paper
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14
Q

How widely supported was the strike?

A
  • during 9 days of industrial militancy, 1.75m workers came out to support the million who had been locked out
  • Credit to Bevin’s influence
  • organisation and scope was limited. Many London power stations remained active (blacklegs)
  • On Merseyside 25/92 ships in port left during the strike
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15
Q

Why did the TUC capitulate to the government?

A
  • On May 12 they called off the strike, to avoid appearing as a revolutionary threat and losing general support
  • memory of Black Friday sustained pessimism
  • Herbert Samuel gave chnace to withdraw
  • TUC never really believed wages could be protected
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16
Q

What offer did Hervert Samuel give?

A
  • (chair of coal commission)
  • proposed that the coal industry be re-organised and workers’ wages be cut for a year
  • Mines rejected this and TUC suggested a wage reduction after re-organisation
  • MFGB refused to consider any cuts
17
Q

Why could Baldwin not support the Samuel Memorandum anyway?

A

after Red Friday the gov could not be seen to sustain wages

18
Q

How were striking workers treated after the strike?

A
  • many employers made union membership a barrier to employment
  • many struggled to get jobs back and wages were often cut
  • coal miners remained locked out until Nov 1926
  • In Yorkshire miners were forced to accept 7.5 hour days (up from 7)
19
Q

what happened to the trade union movement after the general strike?

A

became deeply divided
many were angry at lack of protection secured by TUC for workers who striked
-membership declined from 5.2m to 4.4m

20
Q

What was the Trade Disputes Act?

A

gov took action to avoid future general strikes

made illegal for strikes to exert influence over the gov

21
Q

How did Trade Unions change after the failure of the general strike? (success?)

A
  • may trade unionist stressed that it was over specific grievances and was not a political revolution
  • The gov did not need to call on military
  • response of m/c and u/c meant political system was never in danger
  • gov clearly ruled the nation (not TUs)