Written Notes Flashcards
Skeletal muscle that forms to floor of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Some muscles involved in FORCED inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis
Recoil in the lungs is due to the recoil of elastic fibers in the lungs that were stretched on inspiration
- Inward pull of _______ ______
Surface tension
Some muscles involved in FORCED expiration
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles
Changing levels in _____ level is the most powerful stimulus to cause a change in ones respiration rate
pCO2
Stimulates HCl & pepsinogen SECRETION & would increase gastric MOTALITY
Gastrin
Covered by parietal peritoneum on anterior surface and held against dorsal body wall on their posterior surface
Retroperitoneal
Urine formation involves 3 processes:
- Glomerular filtration
- Tubular Reabsorption
- Tubular Secretion
At Bowman’s capsule will filter blood
Glomerular filtration
Substance in filtrate pass BACK into blood
Tubular reabsorption
Substances from blood pass back INTO filtrate
Tubular secretion
Urine formation all depends on ________ that promote or oppose
Pressures
Na+ reabsorption creates an _______ & _______ gradient that will drive the reabsorption of other solutes and THEN water
Osmotic; electrical
Water reabsorption will always follow the reabsorption of solutes = obligatory water reabsorption -> reabsorb ___% of water this way (along with solutes to maintain equilibrium)
90
Reabsorb final 10% of water as regulated by the antidiuretic hormone
Facilitative water reabsorption
ADH does not always work on proximal convoluted tubule, only works on:
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Ducts
E.g. increase blood [glucose] stimulates pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin
E.g. decreased blood [Na+] stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
Humoral stimuli
Trachea is more ______ and Esophagus is more _______
Anterior; posterier
All 6 hormones affect their target cells using cAMP (second messenger system) because they are all protein hormones and therefore _______ soluble
Water
Hyper HGH - Get very tall (~8ft); normal body proportions because individual was still growing
Gigantism
Hyper HGH - Epiphyseal plates are already closed so it cannot continue to lengthen bones, so bones of hands, feet & face thicken instead
Acromegaly
Hypo HGH - Slows the bone growth, height ~4ft when plates close, body proportions are child-like
Pituitary dwarfism
Hypo ADH - Inability to secrete ADH -> CANNOT reabsorb water from DCT & collecting ducts of kidney tubules; excrete large amounts of dilute urine; excessive thirst
Diabetes Insipidus
Hyper T4 - Produce antibodies that mimic the thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary
- Thyroid grows 2-3 x its size and produces a LOT of thyroid hormone (T4); have elevated metabolic rate
Graves disease
Hypo T4 - Low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, slows heart rate, general sleepiness
Myxedema
Will develop if dietary iodine intake is inadequate
- Not able to make T4
- Low level of T4 stimulates the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary which arrives at thyroid gland it will get the thyroid to increase in size, follicle cells will produce COLLOID but it is NOT converted to T4 because no iodine
Goiter
Hypo Insulin - Inability to either PRODUCE or USE insulin
- Insulin is needed to aid transport of glucose into its cells
Diabetes Mellitus
Autoimmune; immune system destroys BETA cells of the pancreas so you cannot produce the insulin; require an insulin injection, usually occurs when an individual is under the age of 20, you must match the insulin dose to the carbohydrate intake or else could result in insulin shock; brain cells deprived of glucose - coma
Type I
Occurs in people 35+ in age, can control glucose level by diet, exercise, weight loss
- Usually have their OWN insulin but target cells are less sensitive to it because of DOWN regulation of insulin receptors so cannot USE the insulin
- Complications: loss of vision due to developing cataracts & damage to blood vessels of retina
Type II
In males = spermatogenesis will make male gamete =
Sperm
In females = oogenesis makes female gamete =
Oocyte
In BOTH cases we reduce the chromosome number by meiosis (N=23)
Unite sperm plus oocyte we will restore the chromosome number back to _______ (2n = 46)
Diploid
Skeletal muscle at scrotum
Cremaster muscle
If ____ cremaster muscle contracts & moves testes closer to the body to stay warm
Cold
If ____, cremaster muscle relaxes so testes hang lower away from the body where it is cooler
Hot
Spermatogenesis: Development of haploid spermatids into spermatozoa = they become _______ sperm
Elongated
Contains enzymes that help sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization
Acrosome
Mitochondria are arranged in a spiral -> _____ for sperm locomotion
Energy
- Conveys sperm from epididymis towards urethra during sexual arousal by peristalsis
Ductus deferens
- ____________ is about 2 cm long and ends at prostatic urethra and ejects sperm & seminal vesicle secretion just before the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior
Ejaculatory duct
Is a common passageway for both semen and urine
Urethra
Males urethra is ___ cm long (total)
20
1st part of male urethra passes through prostate gland
2-3 cm long
(true step 8)
Prostatic urethra
2nd part of male urethra passes through the floor of the pelvic cavity (~1cm)
Intermediate urethra
3rd part of male urethra passes through the penis (~15 cm)
Spongy urethra
Upon sexual stimulation parasympathetic fibers that initiate & maintain an ________
- Smooth muscles in walls of arterioles relax, increase blood flow & widen blood sinuses
Erection
Secondary oocyte is the first time there is a _______ cell and where it is actually ovulated
Haploid
Hormone of pregnancy
Progesterone
Stimulates the development of mammary glands
Causes cervical mucus to become thick & sticky to “plug” cervix if conception occurs
Progesterone
