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Anatomy & Physiology (Lecture) > Written Notes > Flashcards

Written Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle that forms to floor of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

Some muscles involved in FORCED inspiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis

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3
Q

Recoil in the lungs is due to the recoil of elastic fibers in the lungs that were stretched on inspiration
- Inward pull of _______ ______

A

Surface tension

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4
Q

Some muscles involved in FORCED expiration

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominal muscles

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5
Q

Changing levels in _____ level is the most powerful stimulus to cause a change in ones respiration rate

A

pCO2

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6
Q

Stimulates HCl & pepsinogen SECRETION & would increase gastric MOTALITY

A

Gastrin

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7
Q

Covered by parietal peritoneum on anterior surface and held against dorsal body wall on their posterior surface

A

Retroperitoneal

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8
Q

Urine formation involves 3 processes:

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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9
Q

At Bowman’s capsule will filter blood

A

Glomerular filtration

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10
Q

Substance in filtrate pass BACK into blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

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11
Q

Substances from blood pass back INTO filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

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12
Q

Urine formation all depends on ________ that promote or oppose

A

Pressures

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13
Q

Na+ reabsorption creates an _______ & _______ gradient that will drive the reabsorption of other solutes and THEN water

A

Osmotic; electrical

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14
Q

Water reabsorption will always follow the reabsorption of solutes = obligatory water reabsorption -> reabsorb ___% of water this way (along with solutes to maintain equilibrium)

A

90

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15
Q

Reabsorb final 10% of water as regulated by the antidiuretic hormone

A

Facilitative water reabsorption

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16
Q

ADH does not always work on proximal convoluted tubule, only works on:

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Ducts

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17
Q

E.g. increase blood [glucose] stimulates pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin
E.g. decreased blood [Na+] stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

A

Humoral stimuli

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18
Q

Trachea is more ______ and Esophagus is more _______

A

Anterior; posterier

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19
Q

All 6 hormones affect their target cells using cAMP (second messenger system) because they are all protein hormones and therefore _______ soluble

A

Water

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20
Q

Hyper HGH - Get very tall (~8ft); normal body proportions because individual was still growing

A

Gigantism

21
Q

Hyper HGH - Epiphyseal plates are already closed so it cannot continue to lengthen bones, so bones of hands, feet & face thicken instead

A

Acromegaly

22
Q

Hypo HGH - Slows the bone growth, height ~4ft when plates close, body proportions are child-like

A

Pituitary dwarfism

23
Q

Hypo ADH - Inability to secrete ADH -> CANNOT reabsorb water from DCT & collecting ducts of kidney tubules; excrete large amounts of dilute urine; excessive thirst

A

Diabetes Insipidus

24
Q

Hyper T4 - Produce antibodies that mimic the thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary
- Thyroid grows 2-3 x its size and produces a LOT of thyroid hormone (T4); have elevated metabolic rate

A

Graves disease

25
Q

Hypo T4 - Low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, slows heart rate, general sleepiness

A

Myxedema

26
Q

Will develop if dietary iodine intake is inadequate

  • Not able to make T4
  • Low level of T4 stimulates the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary which arrives at thyroid gland it will get the thyroid to increase in size, follicle cells will produce COLLOID but it is NOT converted to T4 because no iodine
A

Goiter

27
Q

Hypo Insulin - Inability to either PRODUCE or USE insulin

- Insulin is needed to aid transport of glucose into its cells

A

Diabetes Mellitus

28
Q

Autoimmune; immune system destroys BETA cells of the pancreas so you cannot produce the insulin; require an insulin injection, usually occurs when an individual is under the age of 20, you must match the insulin dose to the carbohydrate intake or else could result in insulin shock; brain cells deprived of glucose - coma

A

Type I

29
Q

Occurs in people 35+ in age, can control glucose level by diet, exercise, weight loss

  • Usually have their OWN insulin but target cells are less sensitive to it because of DOWN regulation of insulin receptors so cannot USE the insulin
  • Complications: loss of vision due to developing cataracts & damage to blood vessels of retina
A

Type II

30
Q

In males = spermatogenesis will make male gamete =

A

Sperm

31
Q

In females = oogenesis makes female gamete =

A

Oocyte

32
Q

In BOTH cases we reduce the chromosome number by meiosis (N=23)
Unite sperm plus oocyte we will restore the chromosome number back to _______ (2n = 46)

A

Diploid

33
Q

Skeletal muscle at scrotum

A

Cremaster muscle

34
Q

If ____ cremaster muscle contracts & moves testes closer to the body to stay warm

A

Cold

35
Q

If ____, cremaster muscle relaxes so testes hang lower away from the body where it is cooler

A

Hot

36
Q

Spermatogenesis: Development of haploid spermatids into spermatozoa = they become _______ sperm

A

Elongated

37
Q

Contains enzymes that help sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization

A

Acrosome

38
Q

Mitochondria are arranged in a spiral -> _____ for sperm locomotion

A

Energy

39
Q
  1. Conveys sperm from epididymis towards urethra during sexual arousal by peristalsis
A

Ductus deferens

40
Q
  1. ____________ is about 2 cm long and ends at prostatic urethra and ejects sperm & seminal vesicle secretion just before the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior
A

Ejaculatory duct

41
Q

Is a common passageway for both semen and urine

A

Urethra

42
Q

Males urethra is ___ cm long (total)

A

20

43
Q

1st part of male urethra passes through prostate gland
2-3 cm long
(true step 8)

A

Prostatic urethra

44
Q

2nd part of male urethra passes through the floor of the pelvic cavity (~1cm)

A

Intermediate urethra

45
Q

3rd part of male urethra passes through the penis (~15 cm)

A

Spongy urethra

46
Q

Upon sexual stimulation parasympathetic fibers that initiate & maintain an ________
- Smooth muscles in walls of arterioles relax, increase blood flow & widen blood sinuses

A

Erection

47
Q

Secondary oocyte is the first time there is a _______ cell and where it is actually ovulated

A

Haploid

48
Q

Hormone of pregnancy

A

Progesterone

49
Q

Stimulates the development of mammary glands

Causes cervical mucus to become thick & sticky to “plug” cervix if conception occurs

A

Progesterone

Anatomy & Physiology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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