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Anatomy & Physiology (Lecture) > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary role is excretion of waste

A

Urinary system functions

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2
Q

Bean-shaped retroperitoneal organs

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

Kidneys are covered by 3 layers of tissue:

A
  1. Renal fascia (outer)
  2. Adipose capsule
  3. Renal capsule
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4
Q

Dense irregular CT binds kidney to abdominal wall

A
  1. Renal fascia (outer)
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5
Q

Mass of fatty tissue for protection

A
  1. Adipose capsule
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6
Q

Transparent sheet of dense irregular CT over kidney surface: serves as a barrier against trauma and maintains shape of organ

A
  1. Renal capsule
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7
Q

Kidney:

Ureter, renal arteries and vein located in indented ______ region

A

Hilus

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8
Q

Kidney have 2 main regions:

A
  1. cortex

2. medulla

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9
Q

Contains renal pyramids

A

Medulla

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10
Q

Functional unit is the ______

- are cortical (85%) and juxta-medullary nephrons (JMN) (15%)

A

Nephron

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11
Q

Nephron:

Consists of 2 parts:

A
  1. renal corpuscle

2. renal tubule

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12
Q

Formed by the glomerulus and the cup-like Bowman’s capsule

A
  1. renal corpuscle
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13
Q

Extends from the Bowman’s capsule as the proximal convoluted tubule, straightens to form the loop of Henle, and then becomes the distal convoluted tubule

A
  1. renal tubule
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14
Q

Renal tubules mainly have simple ______ epithelium (good for absorption/secretion)

A

Cuboidal

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15
Q

Many distal convoluted tubules open into a single:

A

collecting duct

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16
Q

Collecting ducts open into papillary ducts at the tip of a pyramid which drain into the:

A

minor calyx

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17
Q

Urine formed in the nephron drains into (pathway):

A

minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

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18
Q

glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule → PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

A

Pathway of Urine Flow

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19
Q

_______ artery supplies blood to kidney (delivers ~1200 ml/min of blood flow through both kidneys)

A

Renal

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20
Q

Divides numerous times to give rise to:

A

Afferent arterioles

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21
Q

Each afferent arteriole supplies blood to 1 nephron forming a capillary tuft, the:

A

Glomerulus (ball-shaped)

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22
Q

Blood leaves the glomerulus by an:

A

Efferent arteriole

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23
Q

Efferent arteriole gives rise to:

A

Peritubular capillaries

Vasa recta

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24
Q

Found in cortex

A

Peritubular capillaries

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25
Q

Found in medulla

A

Vasa recta

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26
Q

______ vein drains venous blood from the kidneys

A

Renal

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27
Q

Urine formation consists of 3 processes:

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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28
Q

Process by which water and solute molecules in the blood plasma pass from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule forming the filtrate that enters the capsular space

A

Glomerular Filtration

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29
Q

Filter substances according to:

A

SIZE

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30
Q

______ water, glucose, amino acids, Na+, Cl- (and other ions), nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, urea, creatinine), fatty acids, electrolytes and vitamins

A

Filter

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31
Q

Most large anions, protein-bound minerals, hormones, cells and large proteins are ________ in the blood due to their large size

A

Retained

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32
Q

Filtration process is efficient because the:

Glomerulus is coiled and has a large ____________

A

Surface Area

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33
Q

Filtration process is efficient because the:

Filtration membrane between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule is:

A

Thin and porous

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34
Q

= glomerular endothelial cell pores + glomerular basement membrane + podocyte filtration slits of cells in inner wall of Bowman’s capsule

A

Filtration membrane

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35
Q

Filtration process is efficient because the:

Blood pressure in glomerulus is very high because the efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than _____ arteriole

A

Afferent

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36
Q

This ↑ blood pressure to ___ mmHg (only 18 mmHg in other capillary beds)

A

55

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37
Q

Glomerular filtration depends on pressures that promote and _________ filtration

A

Oppose

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38
Q

We actually only produce 1-2 L of urine/day because the remaining 179 L of filtrate is reabsorbed. This means ___% of the filtrate gets reabsorbed!

A

99%

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39
Q

A selective process that removes substances from the filtrate and returns them to the blood

A

Tubular Reabsorption

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40
Q

Majority of water and solute reabsorption (Na+, K+, Ca+2, HCO3-, HPO4-, Cl-) from the filtrate occurs in the:

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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41
Q

All ______ and _______ _____ are reabsorbed by facilitated diffusion and co-transport

A

Glucose; amino acids

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42
Q

_____ is reabsorbed by diffusion

A

Urea

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43
Q

Small proteins are reabsorbed by:

A

Pinocytosis

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44
Q
  • a selective process which removes substances from the blood and adds them to the filtrate
  • occurs mainly in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
  • dispose of unwanted substances such as urea, uric acid, bile salts, ammonia and creatinine
A

Tubular Secretion

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45
Q

Secretion of H+ (if blood pH ↓) and HCO3- (if blood pH ↑) serves to regulate _____ of the blood

A

pH

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46
Q

Hormones regulate ______ reabsorption and secretion

A

Tubular

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47
Q

Hormones that regulate kidney functions:

A
  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  2. Renin – Angiotensin System
  3. Aldosterone
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48
Q

Made by neurons in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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49
Q

ADH released from the posterior pituitary if solute concentration in blood __________
Blood volume _________

A

Increases; decreases

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50
Q

ADH increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts so more water is ________
- result → less urine volume and urine is more concentrated

A

Reabsorbed

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51
Q

2 cell types in DCT + collecting ducts

A

1) Principle cells (most abundant)

2) Intercalated cells

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52
Q

Receptors for ADH and aldosterone (from adrenal gland)

- involved in salt/water balance

A

Principle cells

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53
Q

Most abundant cells in DCT + collecting ducts

A

Principle cells

54
Q

The ____________ cells reabsorb K+ and secrete H+

Involved in acid/base balance for homeostasis of blood pH

A

Intercalated cells

55
Q

ADH induces tubule cells in DCT/collecting ducts to synthesize _______ (water-channel proteins) and install them in the plasma membrane – more water passes through epithelial cell into blood

A

Aquaporins

56
Q

In the absence of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), DCT (distal convoluted tubule) and collecting ducts are _________ to water
- result → large volume of dilute urine

A

Impermeable

57
Q

_______ inhibits ADH production more alcohol you drink → produce less ADH → DCT and collecting ducts remain impermeable to water → have to urinate more frequently as you need to expel an ↑ volume of dilute urine

A

Ethanol

58
Q

Are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole lying next to the DCT

A

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

59
Q

Renin – Angiotensin System:
Stimulated by a decrease in BP
JG cells secrete the enzyme _____

A

Renin

60
Q

Renin begins a series of steps that convert angiotensinogen to the active form of:

A

Angiotensin II

61
Q
  • potent vasoconstrictor
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
  • stimulates posterior pituitary to release ADH
  • stimulates the thirst center in hypothalamus so drink more water
A

Angiotensin II

62
Q

Hormone released by the adrenal gland cortex
Acts on the DCT to increase Na+, Cl- and water reabsorption
Increases K+ tubular secretion

A

Aldosterone

63
Q

Hormone released by the adrenal gland cortex in response to Angiotensin II
A decrease in [Na+] or an increase in [K+] in blood plasma

A

Aldosterone

64
Q

Transport urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior wall of the bladder (about 25 cm long)
Inner layer consists of transitional epithelium
Middle muscularis has an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

A

Ureters

65
Q

Ureters inner layer consists of:

A

Transitional epithelium

66
Q

Ureters middle muscularis has an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of:

A

Smooth muscle

67
Q

_______ waves of the smooth muscle (initiated by stretching of ureter due to urine) move urine through the ureters

A

Peristaltic

68
Q

_______ pressure and gravity aid urine movement

A

Hydrostatic

69
Q

Distensible sac that functions in the temporary storage of urine

A

Urinary bladder

70
Q

Average capacity of the bladder is 500 ml to a maximum of _______ ml

A

700-800

71
Q

Urinary bladder lined with transitional epithelium with ____

A

Rugae

72
Q

Urinary bladder muscularis layer is called the _______________ - consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle

A

Detrusor muscle

73
Q

Urinary bladder contains an internal urethral sphincter of smooth muscle at the opening to the:

A

Urethra

74
Q

Leads from the floor of the bladder to the exterior

A

Urethra

75
Q

In females, the urethra is ___ cm long and opens anterior to the vagina

A

4

76
Q

In males, the urethra is about ___ cm long

A

20

77
Q

In males, the urethra is about 20 cm long and has 3 regions:

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous (Intermediate) urethra
Spongy urethra

78
Q

_______ urethra (2.5 cm through prostate gland)

A

Prostatic

79
Q

_______ urethra (through muscular floor of pelvic cavity)

A

Intermediate

80
Q

_______ urethra (passes through penis)

A

Spongy

81
Q

External urethral sphincter of skeletal muscle (_______ control over urination) located lower down urethra

A

Voluntary

82
Q

Process of voiding urine (urination)

A

Micturition

83
Q

When bladder contains about _______ ml of urine, stretch receptors in the wall are stimulated

A

200-400

84
Q

Micturition:

Transmit nerve impulses to ______ region of the spinal cord

A

Sacral

85
Q

Micturition:

Relayed to:

A

Pons and cerebrum

86
Q

When a conscious effort is made to urinate, impulses from pons cause contraction of ______ muscle and relaxation of the internal and external sphincters

A

Detrusor

87
Q

Results from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle
It is the nitrogenous waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue and will be removed by the kidneys

A

CREATININE

88
Q

Most CREATININE is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule during _______ filtration

A

Glomerular

89
Q

Any remaining CREATININE will be secreted into the filtrate of the Proximal ______ ______

A

Convoluted Tubule

90
Q

It is ________ (the breakdown product of creatine) that is secreted into the filtrate if it was missed being filtered during glomerular filtration
Your body does not need this nitrogenous waste product

A

CREATININE

91
Q

Most CREATININE will be filtered and the rest will be secreted into the ____________ ___________ ________

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

92
Q

Plasma CREATININE can be used as a measure of _______ function

A

Kidney

93
Q

Plasma CREATININE level remains steady because the rate of _______ in urine should equal its discharge from muscle fibers

A

Excretion

94
Q

So an increase in plasma CREATININE indicates ______ kidney function because it is not being eliminated by the kidneys like it should be

A

Poor

95
Q

The urinary system removes nitrogenous wastes:

A

Urea, ammonia, creatinine

96
Q

The urinary system regulates water content of ECF & ICF to maintain a constant osmolarity of ___M

A

0.3

97
Q

The urinary system _______ plasma Na+, K+, Ca+2, phosphate and other ions (excrete excess ions)

A

Regulates

98
Q

The urinary system regulates blood ___ (excrete H+ & conserve HCO3-)

A

pH

99
Q

The urinary system produces _________ (endocrine: stimulates RBC production)

A

Erythropoietin

100
Q

The urinary system releases enzyme _____ which activates hormonal mechanisms that control BP

A

Renin

101
Q

The urinary system consists of 6 organs:

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary badder, 1 urethra

102
Q

3 layers of tissue in kidney (from outer to inner):

A

Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule

103
Q

Outer region of kidney:

A

Renal cortex

104
Q

Inner region of kidney:

A

Renal Medulla

105
Q

Have long loops of Henle that extend to the tip of the renal pyramids
- maintain a salt gradient in medulla that helps the body conserve water

A

Juxta-medullary nephrons (JMN)

106
Q

Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule =

A

Renal Corpuscle

107
Q

Each ________ arteriole supplies blood to 1 nephron forming a capillary tuft, the glomerulus (ball shaped)

A

Afferent

108
Q

Blood leaves the glomerulus by an _______ arteriole

A

Efferent

109
Q

Drains venous blood from the kidneys

A

Renal vein

110
Q

Has a coiled and large surface area

A

Glomerulus

111
Q

Glomerular endothelial cell pores + glomerular basement membrane + podocyte filtration slits of cells in inner wall of Bowman’s capsule =

A

Filtration membrane

112
Q

Na+ goes first through _____ and _____ processes

A

Active; passive

113
Q

2 routes of reabsorption for Na+

A
  1. Trancellular route

2. Paracellular route

114
Q

ACTIVE process, substances pass through cytoplasm of tubule cell & then use Na+/K+ pump

A

Trancellular route

115
Q

PASSIVE process, substances pass between tubule cells

A

Paracellular route

116
Q

Males carry both ______ and ______ in urethra

That is where they open to the external enviroment

A

Sperm; urine

117
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remains fairly ___________

A

Constant

118
Q

If too high, fluid flows through tubules too fast; unable to reabsorb water & solutes = results in:

A

Dehydration and electrolyte depletion

119
Q

If too low, fluid flows too slow; body starts to reabsorb _______ that should be eliminated

A

Wastes

120
Q

Can adjust _____ by changing glomerular blood pressure (GBHP) through renal autoregulation, neural regulation and various hormonal controls

A

GFR

121
Q

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by a decrease in _______________

A

Blood pressure

122
Q

The adrenal glands are located:

A

Atop the kidneys

123
Q

The renal corpuscle is made up of:

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

124
Q

The vasa recta supplies the:

A

Loop of Henle

125
Q

Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Regulation of blood pH
Production of a hormone needed for red blood cell production

A

Functions of the urinary system

126
Q

The transcellular route of Na+ reabsorption is a ________ process.

A

ACTIVE

127
Q

Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the:

A

Collecting ducts

128
Q

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the:

A

Ureters

129
Q

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is called the ________ muscle.

A

Detrusor

130
Q

The tissue that binds the kidney to the abdominal wall is the:

A

Renal fascia

Anatomy & Physiology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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