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Anatomy & Physiology (Lecture) > The Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

The Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Designed to provide for the continuation of life

Process by which genetic information is passed from generation to generation

A

The Reproductive Systems

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction involves the process of _________ – form male and female gametes

A

Gametogenesis

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3
Q

Primary sex organs (gonads) produce:

A

Gametes and sex hormones

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4
Q

Accessory structures include:

A

Ducts, glands and external genitalia

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5
Q

Primary sex organ – testes
Accessory ducts – epididymus, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Accessory glands – seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

A

Male Reproductive System

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6
Q

Male reproductive system:

Primary sex organ –

A

Testes

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7
Q

Male reproductive system:

Accessory ducts –

A

Epididymus, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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8
Q

Male reproductive system:

Accessory glands –

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

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9
Q

Paired oval glands (5 cm long, 2.5 cm diameter)

located in scrotum: pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue outside abdominal cavity

A

Testes

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10
Q

Cooler temperature in scrotum by at least 3 degrees below body temp. (~ 34°C) is needed to produce viable _______

A

Sperm

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11
Q

Testes involves ______ and _______ muscles of scrotum

A

Dartos; cremaster

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12
Q

Fibrous capsule surrounding the testes that divides the testes into > 250 lobules

A

Tunica albuginea

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13
Q

Each lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules where ______ are produced

A

Sperm

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14
Q

Are 2 types of cells in seminiferous tubules:

A

Spermatogenic cells

Sertoli (sustentacular) cells

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15
Q

Give rise to sperm

A

Spermatogenic cells

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16
Q

Nourish, protect and support spermatogenic cells

A

Sertoli (sustentacular) cells

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17
Q

Between tubules are Leydig (interstitial) cells which produce

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

Large cells that extend from the basement membrane of tubule to lumen
Tight junctions join Sertoli cells
Form blood – testis barrier

A

Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells

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19
Q

Substances from blood must pass thru Sertoli cells before they reach developing

A

Sperm

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20
Q

Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells prevents an immune response against ________ cell’s surface antigens which are “foreign” to immune system (as immune system develops before puberty)

A

Spermatogenic

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21
Q 
Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids + sperm
Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm
Control movements of spermatogenic cells
Control release of sperm into lumen
Produce fluid for sperm transport
Regulate effects of FSH and testosterone
A

Function of Sertoli cells

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22
Q

Sertoli cells secrete hormone – inhibin which:

A

Inhibits FSH release

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23
Q

Sertoli cells secrete ________ – binding protein into lumen → binds testosterone therefore keep it high for final stages of spermatogenesis

A

Androgen

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24
Q

Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Takes about 64-72 days
Starts from outer wall of tubule towards lumen

A

Spermatogenesis

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25
Q

Spermatogonia (stem cells that are 2N and remain dormant until puberty) divide by mitosis giving rise to:

A

Type A and B spermatogonia

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26
Q

Remain at basement membrane as a reservoir of cells for future cell division

A

Type A cells

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27
Q

Grow and move toward lumen, called primary spermatocytes

A

Type B cells

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28
Q

Spermatids are small, round cells close to lumen and undergo spermiogenesis to become _________ – shed cytoplasm

A

Spermatozoa

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29
Q

Spermatozoa has 3 parts:

A
  1. head
  2. midpiece
  3. tail
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30
Q

Has nucleus and acrosome

A

Head

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31
Q

Contains mitochondria

A

Midpiece

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32
Q

Is a flagellum

A

Tail

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33
Q

Sperm are released into lumen of:

A

Seminiferous tubule

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34
Q

At puberty, hypothalamus increases secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

A

Hormone control of Testes

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35
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates _____ cells to release androgen binding protein

A

Sertoli

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36
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone) stimulates _____ cells to release testosterone

A

Leydig

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37
Q

Combined effect (LH and FSH) is to stimulate:

A

Spermatogenesis

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38
Q

Testosterone also promotes development of male _________ sex characteristics

A

Secondary

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39
Q

Stimulates male development of reproductive systems ducts + descent of testis; development of external genitalia

A

Testosterone before birth

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40
Q

Enlargement of male sex organs + development of secondary sex characteristics (facial/chest hair, enlarged larynx for deep voice, bones/muscles ↑ in size and mass)

A

Testosterone at puberty

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41
Q

A hormone released by the Sertoli cells which suppresses the production of FSH once spermatogenesis has progressed

A

Inhibin

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42
Q

From _________ tubules (#1), sperm enter straight tubules (#2)

A

Seminiferous

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43
Q

Next, enter network of ducts, ____ testis (#3)

A

Rete testis

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44
Q

To move into coiled efferent ducts in the _______ (#4)

A

Epididymis

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45
Q

_______ (#5) lies on surface of testes

  • takes about 20 days to travel
  • storage and maturation site of sperm
A

Epididymis

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46
Q

Are expelled during ______ into ductus (vas) deferens (#6)

- spermatic cord consists of the ductus deferens, blood vessels and nerves

A

Ejaculation

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47
Q

_______ joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the short ejaculatory duct (#7)

A

Ampulla

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48
Q

Ejaculatory duct enters ______ gland and empties into urethra (#8)

A

Prostate

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49
Q

Extends from bladder to tip of penis

A

Urethra

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50
Q

Muscular tube that passes into pelvic cavity

  • ends behind urinary bladder
  • enlarges to form ampulla
A

Ductus deferens

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51
Q

Contains 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue: blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic CT

A

Penis

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52
Q

Two lateral masses

A

Corpora cavernosa

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53
Q

Midventral mass containing the spongy urethra

A

Corpus spongiosum

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54
Q

= enlargement and stiffening of penis

A

Erection

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55
Q

= sympathetic reflex

- close urethra at base of bladder

A

Ejaculation

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56
Q

Accessory glands of the Penis produce seminal fluid and include:

A
  1. Seminal Vesicles (2)
  2. Prostate Gland (1)
  3. Bulbourethral Glands (2)
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57
Q

Produce viscous alkaline fluid
Adds ~ 60% of seminal fluid
Released into ejaculatory ducts

A

Seminal Vesicles (2)

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58
Q

Surrounds urethra below bladder
Adds ~ 35% of seminal fluid
Slightly acidic secretion
Empties into prostatic urethra

A

Prostate Gland (1)

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59
Q

Produce thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation
Alkaline secretion
Lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra
About 5% of fluid volume
Released into urethra

A

Bulbourethral Glands (2)

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60
Q
  • mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
  • about 2-5 ml released per ejaculation
  • contains about 100 million sperm/ml (if # below 20 million sperm/ml considered infertile)
  • pH is 7.2-7.7
A

Semen

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61
Q

Semen functions to provide sperm with a:

A

Transport medium

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62
Q

Semen functions to provide sperm with ________

A

Nutrients

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63
Q

Semen functions to ________ ______ of male urethra and female vagina

A

Neutralize acidity

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64
Q

Semen contains an _______ to destroy bacteria in semen and lower female reproductive tract

A

Antibiotic

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65
Q

Primary sex organ – ovaries

Accessory ducts – uterine tubes (oviducts), uterus, vagina

A

Female Reproductive System

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66
Q

Female Reproductive System primary sex organ:

A

Ovaries

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67
Q

Female Reproductive System accessory ducts:

A

Uterine tubes (oviducts), uterus, vagina

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68
Q

Paired almond-shaped organ, held in place by broad, ovarian and suspensory ligaments
Surrounded by tunica albuginea covered by germinal epithelium

A

Ovaries

69
Q

Ovary has:

A

Cortex and medulla

70
Q

Outer cortex contains:

A

Ovarian follicles

71
Q

Inner medulla contains:

A

Loose CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

72
Q

Oogenesis begins:

A

BEFORE BIRTH!!

73
Q

Occurs in ovarian follicles in cortex of ovary

Takes years to complete

A

Oogenesis

74
Q

Oogonia (2N) are formed when the female is a:

A

Fetus

75
Q

Divide by mitosis to form primary oocytes (2N)

A

Oogonia (2N)

76
Q

Primary oocytes (2N) are arrested in prophase I of meiosis until:

A

Puberty

77
Q

Is surrounded by a layer of follicle cells and is called a primordial follicle

A

Primary oocytes (2N)

78
Q

At puberty, secretion of FSH results in primordial follicle becoming a:

A

Primary follicle

79
Q

Follicle cells grow and become:

A

Granulosa cells

80
Q

Granulosa cells produce:

A

Estrogen

81
Q

Fluid-filled cavity (antrum) forms and becomes a _________ follicle

A

Secondary follicle

82
Q

Primary oocyte completes meiosis I and gives rise to a large secondary oocyte (n) and first polar body
- becomes a mature ______ follicle that is ovulated

A

Graafian

83
Q

Graafian follicle migrates to:

A

Ovary surface

84
Q

LH triggers _______ and follicle ruptures

A

Ovulation

85
Q

Secondary oocyte is released into pelvic cavity and swept into:

A

Oviduct

86
Q

FERTILIZATION TAKES PLACE IN THE:

A

OVIDUCT!!

87
Q

Secondary oocyte will only complete meiosis II if:

A

Fertilization occurs

88
Q

Produces large ovum and second polar body

A

Secondary oocyte

89
Q

Nuclei of sperm cell and ovum unite to form a diploid ______ that begins to undergo cell divisions

A

Zygote

90
Q

Remainder of ruptured follicle becomes ______ _____ within ovary which will secrete progesterone and estrogen

A

Corpus luteum

91
Q

If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates as LH levels decrease (becomes corpus ________)

A

Albicans

92
Q

Once corpus luteum degenerates, hormones decrease and FSH and LH:

A

Restart cycle

93
Q

Pathway of oocyte:

Secondary oocyte is drawn into funnel-shaped infundibulum of oviduct by action of:

A

Fimbriae

94
Q

Takes 4 days to travel oviduct, helped by cilia and _______

A

Peristalsis

95
Q

FERTILIZATION OCCURS IN THE:

A

OVIDUCT

96
Q

Unless fertilized within first ____ hours after ovulation oocyte degenerates

A

24

97
Q

A fertilized egg arrives at the uterus ____ days after ovulation

A

6-7

98
Q

Uterus is composed of 3 sections:

A

Fundus, body, cervix

99
Q

Receives fertilized ovum

Protects and nourishes embryo

A

Uterus

100
Q

Uterus wall has 3 layers:

A
  1. outer perimetrium
  2. thick middle myometrium of 3 layers of smooth muscle
  3. inner endometrium
101
Q

Part of visceral peritoneum

A

Outer perimetrium

102
Q

Thick middle, 3 layers of smooth muscle

A

Myometrium

103
Q

Composed of superficial Functional layer and a deeper Basal layer

A

Inner endometrium

104
Q

Highly vascularized
Contains numerous uterine glands (invaginations of epithelium) that secrete nutritious glycogen into uterine cavity to sustain embryo until it implants

A

Inner endometrium

105
Q

Inner endometrium is divided into 2 layers:

A

1) Functional layer

2) Basal layer

106
Q

Sloughs off during menstruation

A

Functional layer

107
Q

Permanent layer that gives rise to a new functional layer after menstruation

A

Basal layer

108
Q

Extends from cervix to external genitalia

A

Vagina

109
Q

Passageway for infant, discharge of menstrual fluid and receives semen
Lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium for protection from abrasion
Contains stores of glycogen – produces organic acids (acidic pH)

A

Vagina

110
Q

Cervix mucosal cells produce:

A

Mucus

111
Q

At ovulation, cervix mucus is less:

A

Viscous

112
Q

Cervix mucus can block cervical canal when not _______ (impedes sperm)

A

Fertile

113
Q

Blocks spread of bacteria (vagina → uterus)

A

Cervix mucus

114
Q

Cyclical changes occur in the ovaries and uterus under the control of hormones secreted by the:

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries

115
Q

Events involved in maturation of an oocyte

A

Ovarian cycle

116
Q

Events that prepare uterine endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum

A

Menstrual (Uterine) cycle

117
Q

Cycle is about ___ days

A

28

118
Q

Ovarian cycle is composed of 2 phases:

A
  1. Follicular Phase

2. Luteal Phase

119
Q

Ovarian cycle: days 1-14 (can vary from female to female)

A

Follicular Phase

120
Q

Period of follicle growth

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which causes anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

A

Follicular Phase

121
Q

FSH and LH stimulate follicle ______ and maturation

A

Growth

122
Q

Follicle cells produce ________ which results in an increase in LH released

A

Estrogens

123
Q

Ovulation occurs on day ___ (mid cycle) – triggered when ant. pit. releases surge of LH

A

14

124
Q

Graafian follicle _______ and releases secondary oocyte

A

Ruptures

125
Q

Days 15-28 (constant length)

A
  1. Luteal Phase
126
Q

Period of corpus luteum activity

A

Luteal Phase

127
Q

Corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle and secretes:

A

Progesterone and estrogens

128
Q

High levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit release of ___ and ____ from anterior pituitary

A

LH; FSH

129
Q

If secondary oocyte not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates about day 24 to Corpus ______

A

Corpus albicans

130
Q

As a result, progesterone and estrogen levels ______ and inhibition of anterior pituitary ends

A

Decrease

131
Q

If secondary oocyte is fertilized, corpus luteum remains active to maintain progesterone and estrogen levels until ______ takes over this function

A

Placenta

132
Q

Embryo implants in uterus ~ _ days after fertilization

A

6

133
Q

Embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) – stimulates secretory activity of:

A

Corpus luteum

134
Q

Presence of ____ in maternal blood or urine is detected as a positive pregnancy test

A

HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)

135
Q

Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle has 3 phases:

A
  1. Menstrual Phase – days 1-5
  2. Proliferative Phase – days 6-13
  3. Secretory Phase – days 14-28
136
Q

Days 1-5
Discharge of menstrual flow
Shed entire functional layer of endometrium
Occurs when ovarian hormones are low

A

Menstrual Phase

137
Q

Days 6-13
As estrogen levels increase from developing follicles, basal layer regenerates a new functional layer
Glands and blood vessels increase in number

A

Proliferative Phase

138
Q

Days 14-28
Progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum stimulate further development of the endometrium (becomes even more vascular and glandular to prepare for implantation of embryo)
If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates which lowers the hormone levels and triggers the menstrual phase to begin again

A

Secretory Phase

139
Q

Union of egg + sperm cells
Occurs in uterine tube (oviduct)
Slim “window of opportunity” – 3 days (out of 28)
- from 2 days before ovulation to 1 day after ovulation
- secondary oocyte is viable 24 hours after ovulation
- sperm is viable 48 hours after deposition in vagina

A

Fertilization

140
Q

Move up reproductive tract by flagella + contraction of uterus and uterine tube (caused by prostaglandins in semen)

A

Sperm

141
Q

When sperm cell contacts ovum, acrosome releases enzyme:

A

Hyaluronidase

142
Q
  • dissolves part of membrane covering the secondary oocyte
  • normally only 1 sperm fertilizes egg, because once it enters, ovum develops a “fertilization membrane” that is impermeable to other sperm
  • secondary oocyte completes meiosis II
  • divides into larger ovum (mature egg) and smaller second polar body that disintegrates
A

Hyaluronidase

143
Q

About age 50, menstrual cycle becomes irregular

A

Menopause

144
Q

_______ → cessation of menstrual cycle occurs shortly after

A

Menopause

145
Q

Menopause results from failure of ovaries to respond to stimulation of LH + FSH from ant. pituitary therefore, no ________

A

Ovulation

146
Q

Some atrophy (degeneration) of ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, external genitalia + breasts (due to low ________)

A

Estrogen

147
Q

May experience sweating, fatigue, anxiety, headaches, muscular pain

A

Menopause

148
Q

The _______ muscle is the skeletal muscle at the scrotum.

A

Cremaster

149
Q

The corpus luteum will secrete:

A

Estrogen

150
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

151
Q

The myometrium is made of:

A

Smooth muscle

152
Q

Final maturation of sperm cells occurs in the:

A

Epididymus

153
Q

Transport medium for sperm
Provide sperm with nutrients
Neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina
Contains antibiotic to destroy bacteria

A

Function of semen

154
Q

The structure that surrounds the urethra (males) just below the bladder is the:

A

Prostate gland

155
Q

Which hormone triggers ovulation?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

156
Q

During spermatogenesis, which cell type undergoes meiosis I to produce a haploid cell?

A

Primary spermatocyte

157
Q

Smooth muscle in scrotum: if cold, muscle contracts & scrotal skin will contract to reduce heat loss
If too hot, muscle relaxes, scrotal skin is loose to promote heat loss

A

Dartos muscle

158
Q

Sperm cell from most immature to most mature:

A 
Spermatogonium
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
159
Q

First incidence where sperm cell is haploid:

A

Secondary spermatocyte

160
Q

Sperm require full mobility in epididymis and can be stored here ___-___ days, if not ejaculated then body reabsorbs them

A

40-60

161
Q

Seminal fluid contains ________ and ____________

A

Fructose; clotting proteins

162
Q

Energy for sperm

A

Fructose

163
Q

Help semen coagulate after ejaculation

A

Clotting proteins

164
Q

Attaches to the ovaries by mesovarium (double layered fold of peritoneum)

A

Broad ligament

165
Q

Anchor ovaries to uterus

A

Ovarian ligament

166
Q

Attach ovaries to pelvic wall

A

Suspensory ligaments

167
Q

At puberty ~40,000 oocyte (2N) remain, the rest have already __________

A

Degenerated

168
Q

Ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle:

A

Happen at the same time

169
Q

Promotes growth & development of female reproductive organs at puberty, responsible for secondary sex characteristics - breast growth, wide hips, etc.

A

Estrogen

Anatomy & Physiology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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