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Respiratory Emergencies > Written Flash Cards > Flashcards

Written Flash Cards

1
Q

Amount of air that moves in and out of respiratory tract per minute

A

Minute Volume

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2
Q

Nerves that innervate the external intercostal muscles (the muscle between ribs)

A

Intercostal Nerves

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3
Q

A small, horseshoe bone to which the jaw, tongue, epiglottis, and thyroid attach

A

Hyoid Bone

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4
Q

Increased CO2 in arterial blood

A

Hypercapnia

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5
Q

A device that attaches between the trachea tube and BVM. Contains paper which should turn yellow during proper exhalation

A

Capnography

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6
Q

A device that attaches between the tracheal tube and ventilation device; Uses special paper that turns purple during exhalation, indicating the presence of exhaled CO2

A

Colourmetric CO2 detector

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7
Q

Abnormality that is formed by the attachment of CO to the hemoglobin molecule

A

Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)

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8
Q

A compound formed by oxidation of the iron on hemoglobin

A

Methemoglobin

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9
Q

Hemoglobin that is occupied by O2

A

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

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10
Q

Hemoglobin after O2 has been released to the cells

A

Reduced Hemoglobin

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11
Q

Drawing in the intercostal muscle and muscles above the clavicles during respiratory distress

A

Retractions

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12
Q

Severe dyspnea when lying down

A

Orthopnea

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13
Q

Absence of O2

A

Anoxia

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14
Q

A decrease in arterial O2

A

Hypoxemia

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15
Q

Decreased CO2 in arterial blood

A

Hypocapnia

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16
Q

The point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi

A

Carina

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17
Q

Context of kidney, a cleft where ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the kidney

A

Hilum

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from the nose

A

Cerebrospinal Rhinorrhea

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19
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from the ears

A

Cerebrospinal Otorrhea

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20
Q

The alveolar collapse that prevents the use of that portion of the lung for ventilation and oxygenation

A

Atelectasis

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21
Q

The volume of inhaled air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange is equal to tidal volume minus dead space volume. The average is ~350 mL in an adult

A

Alveolar Volume

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22
Q

Lymphatic tissues located on the posterior nasopharyngeal wall that filter bacteria

A

Adenoids

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23
Q

A portion of the brainstem that influences the respiratory rate by increasing the number of inspirations per minute

A

Apneustic Centre

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24
Q

Monitor the levels of O2, CO2, and PH of CSF and provide feedback to respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s need at any given time

A

Chemoreceptors

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25
Q

Lymphatic tissue that is located in the posterior pharynx; Helps trap bacteria

A

Tonsils

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26
Q

Area of the brainstem that has an inhibitory influence on inspiration

A

Pneumotaxic Centre

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27
Q

Additional dead space created by intrapulmonary obstructions oractelasis

A

Physiologic Dead Space

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28
Q

Nerves that innervate the diaphragm

A

Phrenic Nerves

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29
Q

Forms roof of mouth and separates oropharynx and nasopharynx

A

Palate

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30
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal passive exhalation; Sum of residual and expiratory volume

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

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31
Q

Any difficulty in respiratory rate, regularity, or effort

A

Dyspnea

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32
Q

Percentage of O2 in exhaled air

A

Fraction of Inspired O2

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33
Q

Conditions that Impair Lung Function

A

Breathing, but gas exchange is impaired CO2 levels rise
- Severe cases of atelectasis
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary edema
- Asthma
- COPD

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34
Q

A device that attaches in the same way as a capnography, but provides a light-emitting diode (LED) readout of the patient’s exhaled CO2

A

Capnometer

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35
Q

A waveform display of exhaled CO2 shown on a portable cardiac monitor/defibrillator

A

Waveform Capnography

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36
Q

The ability of alveoli to expand when air is drawn into the lungs, either during negative pressure ventilation/positive pressure ventilation

A

Lung Compliance

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37
Q

Indication for CPAP

A
  • Alert and able to follow commands
  • Moderate/severe signs of respiratory distress
  • Respiratory distress after submersion
  • Breathing rapid, effecting minute volume
  • SPO2 < 90%
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38
Q

Mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas in the lungs

A

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)

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39
Q

Application of posterior pressure to the cricoid cartilage to reduce the risk of gastric distension and regurgitation during positive pressure ventilation; Sellick Maneuver

A

Cricoid Pressure

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40
Q

Inflation of the stomach with air

A

Gastric Distension

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41
Q

Difficulty speaking

A

Dysphonia

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42
Q

Inability to speak

A

Aphonia

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43
Q

O2 flowmeter commonly used because it is not affected by gravity and can be placed in any position

A

Bourdon-Gauge Flowmeter

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44
Q

Contraindications for CPAP

A
  • Tracheostomy
  • Active GI bleed, nausea/vomiting
  • HX of recent GI surgical procedure
  • Unresponsive
  • Respiratory arrest/agonal respirations
  • Unable to speak
  • Unable to protect own airway
  • Hypoventilation
  • Hypotension
  • Signs and symptoms of pneumothorax
  • Closed head injury
  • Facial trauma
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Unable to sit up
  • Can’t fit CPAP strap
  • Cannot tolerate mask
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45
Q

Non-invasive means of raising breathing baseline above ambient pressure via tight-fitting mask:
1. Steins airway
2. Increases residual volume capacity

A

CPAP

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46
Q

Attaches to the end of the O2 cylinder and reduces the high pressure of gas to a safe range

A

Therapy Regulator

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47
Q

Automotive space/pocket located between space of tongue and epiglottis

A

Vallecula

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48
Q

Recurrent large areas of SC edema of sudden onset, seen mainly in young women, frequently result from allergy to drug or food

A

Angioedema

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49
Q

3 bony shells protrude from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and extend to the nasal passageway, parallel to the nasal floor; Severe to increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa, improving the process of warming, filtering, humidifying inhaled air

A

Turbinates

50
Q

Structures Involved in the Conduction of Air

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Terminal Bronchioles
51
Q

Major Functions of the Respiratory System

A
  • Provide passageway for O2 and CO2 to enter and exit body
  • Facilitates gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in the body
52
Q

Mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

53
Q

Movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of less concentration

A

Diffusion

54
Q

Circulation of blood through the capillaries

A

Perfusion

55
Q

Exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment

A

Respiration

56
Q

Responsible for warming and humidifying air

A

Upper Airway

57
Q

Responsible for gas exchange of CO2 and O2

A

Lower Airway

58
Q

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

= ERV + RV

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

59
Q

Minimum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

= TV + IRV

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

60
Q

Maximum amount of air that can expire after a maximum inspiratory effort

= TV + ERV

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

61
Q

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

= TV + IRV + ERV + RV

A

Total Lung Capacity

62
Q

Amount of air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration

A

Residual Volume (RV)

63
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal TV exhalation

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

64
Q

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

65
Q
  • Covers thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm
  • Forms lateral walls of mediastinal
A

Parietal Pleura

66
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal TV inhalation

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

67
Q

Covers external lung surface including fissures

A

Visceral Pleura

68
Q

Severe constriction of larynx in response to allergy

A

Laryngospasm

69
Q

Main supporting cartilage of larynx; A shield-shaped structure formed by 2 plates that join in a “V” shape anteriorly to form laryngeal prominence known as atoms apple

A

Thyroid Cartilage

70
Q

Explain Pulmonary Circulation

A

Blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary bed brings RBCs close to terminal bronchioles, and more perfusion at the lung base than apex. After picking up O2, blood returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins

71
Q

Explain Normal Ventilation

A

Inspiration:
- Negative pressure forcing air into the lungs
- Pulls down on diaphragm, causing lungs to fill
- Rib cage moves up

Expiration:
- Positive pressure forcing air out of lungs
- Diaphragm relaxes (moves up), lungs empty
- Rib cage moves down

72
Q

Reduces ventilation by allowing air to enter the thorax during the inspiratory phase

A

Sucking Chest Wound

73
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Increased WOB

A
  • Chest wall retractions
  • Soft-tissue retractions
  • Nasal flaring
  • Trachea tugging
  • Paradoxal respiratory movement
  • Pulsus Pardoxus
74
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Obstructive Airway Disease

A
  • Pursed lip breathing
  • Increased inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratio
  • Abdominal muscle use
  • JVD
75
Q

Why could a patient be Hyperventilating?

A
  • Conditions that impair lung function
  • Conditions that impair mechanisms of breathing
  • Conditions that impair neuromuscular apparatus
  • Conditions that reduce respiratory drive
76
Q

Conditions that Impair Mechanisms of Breathing

A
  • A high cervical fracture
  • Flail chest
  • Diaphragmatic rupture
  • Severe retractions
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Abdomen full of air/blood
  • Abdominal/chest binding
  • Anything that impairs pressure changes that allow breathing
77
Q

Conditions that Reduce Respiratory Drive

A
  • Opiate overdose
  • ETOH intoxication
  • Head injury
  • Hypoxic drive
  • Asphyxia
  • Cardiac arrest
77
Q

Conditions that Impair Neuromuscular Apparatus

A
  • Patients with head trauma
  • Intracranial infections
  • Brain tumors
  • Serious injury to the spinal cord (above C5)
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome
78
Q

Pharmacological agent that stimulates the beta-2 receptor sites (lungs) found in smooth muscle; Includes common bronchodilators like salbutamol

A

Beta-2 Agonist

79
Q

Excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

A

Pleural Effusion

80
Q

The coughing up of blood

A

Hemoptysis

81
Q

A situation in which a portion of the output of the right side of the heart reaches the left side without being oxygenated in the lungs. May be caused by; Atelectis, pulmonary edema

A

Shunt

82
Q

A situation where a person’s stimulus to breathe comes from a decrease in PaO2 levels rather than the normal stimulus, a rise in PaO2

A

Hypoxic Drive

83
Q

A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the bronchi that is associated with excess mucus production that results from overgrowth of mucous glands in airways

A

Chronic Bronchitis

84
Q

Infiltration of any tissue by air or gas; A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by distension of the alveoli and destructive changes in lung parenchyma

A

Emphysema

85
Q

A term used to describe any condition that causes hyperactive bronchioles and bronchospasms

A

Reactive Airway Disease

86
Q

1/3 sets of lymphatic organs that comprise the tonsils; Located at the back of the throat, on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity; Help protect the body from bacteria introduced into the mouth and nose

A

Palatine Tonsils

87
Q

Deep, gasping respirations characterize the person with diabetes who is in ketoacidosis (diabetic coma), with marked hyperpnea and tachypnea

A

Kussmaul Respirations

88
Q

A false membrane is formed by a dead tissue layer. Seen in the posterior pharynx of patients with diphtheria

A

Pseudomembrane

89
Q

A collection of pus in a sac, formed by necrotic tissue and an accumulation of WBCs

A

Abscess

90
Q

A common disease of childhood characterized by a barking cough and wheezing due to inflammation of the larynx and upper airway

A

Croup

91
Q

Full of pus

A

Purulent

92
Q

A chronic bacteria disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs but can also affect other organs (brain or kidneys) characterized by a cough lasting 2-3 weeks, night sweats, headache, weight loss, hemoptysis, chest pain

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

93
Q

A coarse, loud-pitched breath sound is heard in patients who have chronic mucous in their membranes

A

Rhonchus

94
Q

An outdated term for abnormal breath sounds that have fine, crackling quality, now called crackles

A

Rales

95
Q

A type of abnormal breath sound that occurs in addition to normal breath sounds; crackles and wheezes

A

Adventitious

96
Q

The numeric percentage of CO2 contained in the last few millimeters of exhaled air

A

End Tidal Carbono Dioxide (ETCO2)

97
Q

Vibrations in the chest as the patient breathes

A

Tactile Fremitus

98
Q

Visible bulging of jugular veins when the patient is in semi-fowlers or full-fowlers. Indicative of inadequate blood movement through the heart and lungs

A

Jugular Vein Distension

99
Q

Severe Constriction of bronchial tree

A

Bronchospasm

100
Q

A weakening or loss of palpable pulse during inhalation, characterized by cardiac tamponade and severe asthma

A

Pulsus paradoxus

101
Q

Severe SOB occurs at night after several hours of recumbency, during which fluid pools in the lungs; forced to sit up to breathe. Caused by left heart failure or decompensation of COPD

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

102
Q

Increased urine production by kidney

A

Diuresis

103
Q

A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, preventing over-expansion of lungs

A

Hering-Bruer Reflex

104
Q

A disease of unknown aetiology that causes paralysis that progresses from feet to head

A

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

105
Q

Heart disease that develops secondary to lungs disease, usually affecting primarily right side of heart

A

Cor Pulmonale

106
Q

An overabundance/overproduction of RBCs, resulting in increased viscosity and volume; characteristic of chronic lung disease and chronic hypoxia

A

Polycythemia

107
Q

Alveolar collapse that prevents use of that portion of lungs for ventilation and oxygenation

A

Atelectasis

108
Q

A proteinaceous substance that lines alveoli; decrease alveolar surface tension and keeps alveoli expanded; in the context of neonatology, low level in premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome

A

Surfactant

109
Q

Substance of a gland or solid organ

A

Parenchyma

110
Q

Hairlike microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over cell’s surface

A

Cilia

111
Q

Cells that produce protective mucous lining

A

Goblet Cells

112
Q

A portion of the tidal volume does not reach alveoli and doesn’t participate in gas exchange. Includes trachea and larger bronchi; air remaining in these areas is the result of residual gas in the upper airway at the end of inhalation

A

Anatomic Dead Space

113
Q

A thin, superficial membrane located between thyroid and cricoid cartilages that is relatively avascular and contains few nerves. Site for emergency surgical/non-surgical advanced airway

A

Cricothyroid Membrane

114
Q

Forms lowest portion or larynx

A

Cricoid Cartilage

115
Q

Hollow pockets of tissue on the lateral borders of the glottic opening

A

Piriform Fossa

116
Q

Pyramid-like cartilaginous structure that forms posterior attachment for vocal cords

A

Arytenoid Cartilages

117
Q

The space between vocal cords is the narrowest portion of an adults airway. AKA glottic opening

A

Glottis

118
Q

A complex structure composed of many independent cartilage structures that all work together to produce voice; located where upper and lower airways meet

A

Larynx

119
Q

Balloon-like clusters of single-layer air sacs that are functional site for the exchange in O2 and CO2 in lungs

A

Alveoli

120
Q

RODS

A

Restricted mouth opening
Obstruction
Distorted airway
Stiff lungs or C-spine

Respiratory Emergencies (7 decks)

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