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respiratory emergencies > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Chemoreceptors in medulla
  • Stimulated increase in PaCO2 or decreases in pH
  • PaCO2 is normal neuroregulatory control of ventilations
A

Respiratory Drive

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2
Q

Layers of lungs

A
  • Parietal (Outer)
  • Visceral (Inner)
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3
Q

space betwen pluras

A

potential space, serous fluid 25-50 mL

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4
Q

muscle that helps you inhale and exhale (breathe in and out)

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

Lobes of lungs

A

1/2. Superior lobes (left and right)x2
3. Middle Lobe (Right lung)x1
4/5. Inferior Lobes (left and right)

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6
Q

Between lobes

A

Fissures

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7
Q

Pressure Changes in lungs during Respiration

A

Atmospheric: 760 mmHg
Inhalation: 758 mmHg
Exhalation: 762 mmHg

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8
Q

Factors Affecting O2 Concentrations in the blood

A
  • Decreased hemoglobin concentration
  • Inadequate alveolar ventilation
  • Decreased diffusion across the pulmonary membrane when diffusion distance increases or the pulmonary membrane changes
  • Ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli collapses
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9
Q

What Happens to CO2 During Hyperventilation?

A

Hyperventilation lowers CO2 levels due to increased respiratory rates or deeper respirations

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10
Q

Quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the amount of gas present and its solubility coefficient

A

Henrys Law

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11
Q

When temperature is constant, the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume. Lungs function by increasing and decreasing pressure to cause air to either rush on or rush out

A

Boyle law

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12
Q

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure
- As if all gases were not present
- Partial pressures denoted as “p”

A

Daltons Law

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13
Q

Ways to compensate with hypoxia

A

Cardiovascular system delivers more blood to the systems

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14
Q

CO vs O2 in regards to Hemoglobin

A

CO (200-220 X BETTER THAN O2)

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15
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

The steeper the curve, the higher the pH

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16
Q

CO2 transport methods

A
  • Dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
  • Combined with Hb and plasma proteins for easy release at the alveoli (23%) referred to as carbaminohemoglobin
  • As bicarbonate (70%)
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17
Q
  • Control of respiration
  • Located in carotid bodies, arch of the
    aorta, and medulla
  • Stimulated by decreased PaO2,
    increased PaCO2, and decreased pH
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH is
    primary control of respiratory centre
A

Chemoreceptors

18
Q

provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration and thereby prevents over distension of the lungs and helps to maintain alternately recurrent inspiration and expiration

A

Pneumotaxic Centre

19
Q

4 types of hypoxia

A
  1. Hypoxic hypoxia
  2. Hypemic hypoxia
  3. Stagnant hypoxia
  4. Histotoxic hypoxia
20
Q

Explain Inspiration (Active)

A

Stimulus from respiratory centre of brain (medulla) transmitted via phrenic nerve to diaphragm and to spinal cord/intercostal nerves stimulating the intercostal muscle——–> External intercostal contract- ribs pulled upward and out diaphragm contracts and flattens——–> Thoracic cavity enlarges , lungs expand, decrease in intrapulmonic pressure (758 mmHg)——–>Air flows into airways, alveoli inflate until pressure equalizes

21
Q

Muscles involved in Forced Inspiration

A
  • Sternocleiodomastoid
  • Scales
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Abdominal Wall
22
Q

Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level

A

760 mmHg

23
Q

Respiratory Cycle

A
  • Diaphragm contracts (normal inspiration), Accessory muscles contract (Laboured inspiration)
  • Thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand
  • Alveolar pressure decreases to 758 mmHg
  • Diaphragm relaxes (normal respiration), accessory muscles contract (laboured)
  • Thoracic cavity decreases in size and lungs recoil
  • Alveolar pressure increases to 762 mmHg
24
Q

Explain Expiration (Passive)

A

Stretch receptors in lungs signals respiratory centre via vagus nerve to inhibit inspiration (Hering-Breur reflex——->Diaphragm and external intercostals relax——> Thoracic cavity decreases in size——>Elastic lungs recoil——->Intrapulmonic pressure increases to 762 mmHg (760 outside)—–>Air flows out until pressure equalizes

25
Q

Lung Volumes in Healthy Resting Adult Male

A

Total Lung Capacity: 6000mL
Vital Capacity: 4800 mL
Inspiratory Reserve: 3000mL
Tidal Volume: 500 mL
Expiratory Volume: 1200 mL
Residual Volume: 1200mL

26
Q
  • Chemoreceptors in aortic arch, carotid bodies
  • Stimulated by decrease in PaO2
  • Back-up regulatory control
A

Hypoxic Drive

27
Q

Causes of Increased CO2 Production

A
  • Fever
  • Muscle exertion
  • Shivering
  • metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids
28
Q

Factors Affecting Hemoglobin Binding

A
  1. Acidity (pH)
  2. Partial pressure of CO2
  3. Temperature
  4. BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate)
29
Q

Influences activity of medulla responses. Smooths out the transitions between both respiratory phases

A

Pons

30
Q

Areas of the Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Dorsal Respiratory Group
  • Ventral Respiratory Centre
31
Q
  • Inspiratory centre
  • Controls external intercostals and diaphragm
  • Stimulation then dormant phases for inspiration then expiration (2:3)
A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

32
Q
  • Has both inspiratory and expiratory centre but mainly activated when O2 demands increase
  • Involves the accessory respiratory muscles during forced breathing, especially forced expiration
A

Ventral Respiratory Centre (VRG)

33
Q

Prevents over expansion of the lungs

A

Stretch Receptors

34
Q

O2 and hemoglobin combination
- 98.5% chemically bound O2 and hemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin

35
Q

Hemoglobin that has released the O2

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

36
Q

The lack of oxygen available to the body as a whole

A

Hypoxic Hypoxia

37
Q

The body is unable to transport a sufficient supply of the
oxygen that is available

A

Hypemic Hypoxia

38
Q

There is a sufficient supply of oxygen in the blood stream,
but it is unable to move throughout the body

A

Stagnant Hypoxia

39
Q

oxygen-rich blood is flowing normally, but the organs can’t
make use of it

A

Histoxic Hypoxia

40
Q

Sends signals for inspiration for long and deep breaths

A

Apneustic Centre

respiratory emergencies (7 decks)

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