Writing applications and nonwritten communication

Question 1

Writing applications

Answer 1

Principles of composition:
1/ paragraphing
2/ transitional phrases
3/ context

Question 2

Principles of composition #1- paragraphing

Answer 2

Paragraphing is the visual cue that hold ideas together for both readers and writers. A paragraph has a topic sentence that focuses the paragraph’s purpose.
well developed paragraphs also provide ex: while exhibiting clear reasoning and logical analysis of ideas.
In a multiparagraph essay, each paragraph is usally classified into 3 areas: intro, body, conclusion
-Be sure to examine the logical development of ideas in this case, understanding how paragraphs build concepts coherently, without gaps in understanding.

Question 3

Principles of composition #2- TRANSITIONAL PHRASES

Answer 3

TRANSITIONAL phrases are the words and phrases that move the reader on to new ideas. sometime subtle, sometimes obvious, transitions help the reader understand not only ideas but also their relationship to one another.
Some traditional trasnsitions to introduce ideas include: for example, additionally, for instance, furthermore, and so conversely and so on.
transitions are used between paragraph units such as the not only … but also… formula reminds the reader of the important point in a previous paragraph and how it relates to the thrust of the current one.

Question 4

Principles of composition #3- Context

Answer 4

this gives the reader and writer a sense of appropriateness for diff. writing situations. Ex: one clearly follows diff. writing conventions when writing a letter to the editor, an essay, a diary entry, a descriptive piece or a letter of complaint. The writing context often dictates the appropriate tone, as well as vocab. organiztion and so on.

Question 5

GENRES IN WRITING

Answer 5

1/ NARRATIVE
2/ INTERPRETIVE
3/ DESCRIPTIVE
4/ PERSUASIVE
5/ EXPOSITORY
6/ OTHER GENRES

Question 6

GENRES IN WRITING #1 NARRATIVE

Answer 6

NARRATIVE- is a work that tells a story, usually in roughly chronological order. Whether fictionor non fiction the events in a narrative work are presented in a stroy like fashion that builds to a scene of climactic action. Examples include: stories, poems, plays, fables, myths, and bios.

Question 7

GENRES IN WRITING #2- INTERPRETIVE

Answer 7

Interpretive writing is evident in a written work that explains, explores, or considers the significance of an event, a work of art, and so on. Interpretive writing requires te writer to think critically and then present the results of his or her thinking. Examples are research papers, critiques, summaries and analysis.

Question 8

GENRES IN WRITING #3- DESCRIPTIVE

Answer 8

DESCRIPTIVE writing typically describes a person, place, or thing in such a way that the reader has a vivid impression of the written work. the written work has a basi purpose of describing something such as an emotion, event, or location. The use of evocative imagery and phrasing that engages all of the senses plays a dominant role in descriptive writing.

Question 9

GENRES IN WRITING #4 - PERSUASIVE

Answer 9

PERSUASIVE writing is designed to take a stand on an issue and convince the reader of the plausibility or correctness of that stand. this often employes an appeal to the reader’s logiv or ethics and uses strong and credible logic. this type of essay asks you to defend a position or issue.
- techniques often found in persuasive essay include emphasizing benefits while ignoring drawbacks, creating a list of for and against points, using transitions such as : furthermore, moreover, and therefore, making opposing viewpoints seem like minor problems; asking rhetorical questions; and ending with a positive and thought provoking statement.
Examples of these essays are: arguments, biases, opinions, studies, counterclaims, and reasoning.

Question 10

GENRES IN WRITING #5- EXPOSITORY

Answer 10

THIS type of writing is a mode of writing in which the purpose is to inform, explain, clarify, describe, or define a subject to the reader. this is meant to “expose “ the info. This essay topic usually asks you to write about real people, events, things, and places. well written exposition maintains focus on its topic and provides facts in order to inform its reader. it should be unbiased and accurate and use a scholarly 3rd person tone.
- examples include: magazine and newspaper articles, nonfiction books, travel brochures, bussiness reports, memos, professional journals, oral presentations, encyclopedia articles, reasearch essays, business letters, and many other types of informative writing.

Question 11

Genres in writing #6 OTHER GENRES

Answer 11

include such varied types as personal journals, diaries, letters, summaries, and research papers.

Question 12

Speech Key points

Answer 12

Concepts that may influence bias and stereotyping in oral english usuage

• Dialect- usually refers to the distinctive variety of vocab., grammar, and pronunciation spoken by members of an identifiable regional group, nation, or social class.
• Idiolect- is the particular variety of a lang. used by an individual speaker or writer, which may be marked by peculiarities of vocab, grammar, and pronunication.

Question 13

Speech key points

Answer 13

evaluating a speech
1/ eye contact: a good speaker establishes eye contact with the audience in a manner that is engaging and appropriate. A good speaker avoids looking down , looking over the heads of the audience, or addressing just one member or one section of the audience.

Question 14

Speech key points

Answer 14

2/ volume and tone of voice: an effective speaker’s tone varies naturally and appropriately according to the content. his or her volume is clear ans suitable for the audience and venue. A good speaker modulates his or her volume at appropriate points in the delivery to engage the audience in the content.

Question 15

Speech key points

Answer 15

3/ pacing and clarity: effecitive speakers enunicate properly and clearly, using a natural pace that is governed by the syntax and content. Words are never slurred or run together. good speakers do not use fillers such as um, ah. and like.

Question 16

speech key points

Answer 16

4/ hand gestures: effective speakers know when to use hand gestures and how to employ them appropriately to enhance their presentation. poor speakers keep their hands in their pockets, play with their hair or fidget inappropriatley.

Question 17

speech key points

Answer 17

5/ posture: good speakers face the audience squarely with a natural stance: t;hey do not shift their weight or stand askew, they do not lean informally to one side or the other, nor do they lean on the lectern or podium.

Question 18

Research strategies

Answer 18

a wide variety of research sources both in print and electronic forms and they are the following:
1/ Print REsources
2/ Electronic And Internet resources
3/ citing sources

Question 19

Print Sources

Answer 19

• common sources include books, encylopedias, professional journals, newspapers, magazines and other periodicals

Question 20

Electronic and internet resources

Answer 20

electronic include: all aspects of the internet, general use = wikipedia is inappropriate for serious research there are other reputable sites to use instead
-other electronic sources include films and broadcasts media

Question 21

Citing sources

Answer 21

understanding proper documentation and bibliographic citation is essential. using standardized style manual, such as the Chicago manual and MLA -Modern Lang. assoc. these are most helpful

Question 22

Domain 3- texts

Answer 22

• includes study of Lit and childrens’ Lit.
• includes genres, themes, structures, purposes, and so forth.
• themes, structural features, author’s perspectives, a piece’s organization, or purpose, draw inferences, make conclusions.
• drawn from fiction and non fiction.

Question 23

Concepts and conventions

Answer 23

Children’s lit consists of novels, short stories, folk tales, fairy tales, and poetry as represented from a range of cultures.

Question 24

Purpose of teaching children’s lit

Answer 24

=develop an appreciation for lit. evolves in time as a result of environmental experiences including a classroom rich in lit. instruction

Question 25

purpose of teaching children’s lit

Answer 25

=to provide students with an appreciation of a lifetime of reading enjoyment.

• children begin with illustrated text and gradually advance to become young adult readers of text.
• as students gain appreciation for lit. they are more prepared for advanced reading or narrative and expository texts of lit.

Question 26

Genres

Answer 26

1/novels, 2/ short stories, 3/ folk tales, 4/ myths, 5/ poetry

Question 27

Novels

Answer 27

• uses the same basic literary conventions as do short stories, but they expand them by presenting more complicated plots, adding subplots, creating more nuanced characters, and deepening the devlopt. of ideas.
• after children have mastered the mechanic os reading, between the ages of 9-12 they are prepared to sustain the more difficult challenge of reading a novel.
• novels encompasses a wide range of types and styles, including -picaresque -epistolary- gothic- romantic-realist- and historical novels.

Question 28

Short stories

Answer 28

• are popular forms of lit. in the elementary classroom
• it is a condensed story, usually ranging in length from 2,000 - 10,000 words, most often with a purpose that is singular or limited.
• they are made up of elements such as plot, character, setting, point of view, and theme.
• they are often based on a common dramatic structure that introduces the terminology one uses to analyze fiction of all types.

Question 29

Short stories

Answer 29

Fiction of all types includes:
1/Exposition: The introduction of setting, main characters, and conflict.
2/ rising action: the event or events that allow the protaganist to make his or her committment to a course of action as the conflict intensifies.
3/ climax: the point of highest interest in terms of conflict, the point with the most action, or the turning point for the protaganist
4/ falling action: the events that follow from the protaganist’s action in the climax.
5/ denouement (resolution): the point when the conflict is resolved, remaining loose ends are tied up and a moralis intimated or stated directly.

Question 30

Folk tales

Answer 30

• are as old as language
• adapted from culture to culture and enrich our world with customs and beliefs.
• they are generally defined as prose narratives that follow trad. storylines that arise from oral trad. in histories. the original author of the folk tale is never known.

Question 31

folk tales

Answer 31

This genre includes fairy tales, legeneds, of all types, fables, tall tales, and humorous anecdotes.

• most of these have arisen thru a similiar process: 1/ recombining trad. elements (motifs) and or transferring an established plot (tale type) from one hero, one location, or one era to another.
• Keep in mind that telling tales is culturally universal and shares a commonalitiy with primitive and advanced societies alike.

Question 32

folk tales

Answer 32

classified in the following categories:
1/ legends: are narratives that often include creation stories and explain tribal beginnings. These tales may incorporate supernatural beings or quasi-historical figures (king arthur and Lady godiva) these legends are told and retold as if they are based on facts, and they are always set in a specific time and place.

Question 33

folk tales

Answer 33

classified ;
2/ Fairy tales: are presented as entirely fictional pieces, and they often begin with a formulaic opening line, such as “once upon a time” or “ in a certain coutnry there once lived…” recurring plots recount the supernatural adventures and mishaps of youngest daughters and the misadventures of transformed princes, and encounters with mermaids, wood faires, and elves, (cinderella, snow white, sleeping beauty)
3/animal folk tales: abound in every culture -the animal characters in most cases are clearly anthropomorphic and display human personalities.

Question 34

Myths

Answer 34

• the most difficult of the genres to precisley define -myths always evoke events of a time long past, and they are generally concern the adventures and misadventures of gods, giants, heroes, nymphs, satyrs and larger than life villians all entities that reside outside of ordinary human existence yet are entrwined in our collective consciousness.
• these are set in a time althogether diff. from our human, historical timeline, and often occur at the beginning of creation or in some timeless past age.
• A culture’s myth are usually closely related to its religious beliefs and rituals. a myth is a sacred narrative in the sense that it holds religious or spiritual significance for those who tell it, and it contributes to and expresses their system of core thoughts and values.

Question 35

Poetry

Answer 35

• begins with the rhythm of a child’s first heartbeat and is an excellent instructional tool for students to gain enthusiasium for lit. Children bring vivid images to life as they listen to the rhythmic patterns of poetry in the classroom.
• encompasses works written in verse, perhaps with a meter and rhyme shcmes, and uses written lang. in a pattern that is sung, chated, or spoken to emphasize the relationships between words and ideas on the basis of sound as well as meaning.
• this pattern is frequently assoc. with a rythym or meter and may be supplemented by rhyme or alliterations or both.
• poetry is a more condensed and refined medium that is pose or everyday speech, it often includes variations in syntax and more frequent and elaborate use of figures of speech, metaphor and simile.

Question 36

poetry

Answer 36

-all human cultures have their own poetry, although it is used for a wide variety of purposes.
-poetry is employed in statements and writings that call for heightened intensity of emotion, for dignity of expression, or for subtely of contemplation.
-poetry is valued for combining the aural pleasures of sound with the tempting freshness of ideas, whether these ideas are solemn or comical.
-poetry has many divisions and classifications the 3 major categories are
1/narrative, dramatic, 3/ lyric

Question 37

Alliteration

Answer 37

-the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more words or syllables
ex: alliteration is found in a poem entitled, “the searchers” by kenyan poet, John Roberts.
I remember a dog ran out from an alley, sniffed my trousers, scented rags…. The /s/ sounds in the words sniffed, and scented mimic the sounds of smelling, and thereby create an image for the reader of the act of smelling.

Question 38

Analogy

Answer 38

• is a comparison of similiar traits between dissimilar things in order to highlight a point of similarity
  ex: We scored a touchdown on the educational assistance plan.

Question 39

Figurative language

Answer 39

• a word or phrase that departs from literal lang. the most common examples are metaphor and simile
  ex: Winter’s end implies the end of a person’s life.

Question 40

Hyperbole

Answer 40

• deliberate exaggeration for effect

ex: The whole world’s problems are on my shoulders.

Question 41

Imagery

Answer 41

• words or phrases that appeal to the senses (sound, smell, taste, and feel)
  ex: the siren in the night played a haunting tone.

Question 42

Irony

Answer 42

The use of words to suggest the opposite of their intended meaning.
ex: A parent tells a teenager, “oh, your room is really clean.”

Question 43

Literal language

Answer 43

• The actual definition of the word.

ex: Winter’s end is the end of winter.

Question 44

Metaphor

Answer 44

• a figure of speech in which something is described as though it were something else.
  ex: In robert frost’s, “the road not taken” the diverging roads are a metaphor for hte choices people must make in their lives.

Question 45

Personficiation

Answer 45

• the assignment of a human trait to a nonhumna item or characteristic
  ex: The angry sea crashed against the wall.

Question 46

simile

Answer 46

• a figure of speech that has a direct comparison between unlike things using like or as
  ex: You are as quiet as a mouse.

Question 47

Symbol

Answer 47

• usually concrete objects or images that represent abstract ideas
  ex: the eagle is often used as a symbol of freedom.

Question 48

Interpretation of texts

Answer 48

when sight reading poetry to avoid premature conclusions and to prepare yourself for the kind of questions that may be asked, try going thru the poem by asking the following questions in an order similar to the following:
1/ What is the dramatic situation?
2/ What is the structure of the poem?
3/ What is the theme of the poem?
4/ Is the meaning clear?
5/ What is the tone of the poem?
6/ What are the important images and figures of speech?

Question 49

1/ what is the dramatic situation?

Answer 49

• who is the speaker, or who are the speakers, is the speaker male or female? Where are they? when does the poem take place? What are the circumstances?

Question 50

2/ what is the structure?

Answer 50

What are the parts of the poem?, how are they related? What gives the poem coherence? What are the structural divisions of the poem?
-to analyze structure your best aid is the punctuation. -look for complete sentences then ask how the poem gets from the first sentence to the second.
are there repetitions such as parallel syntax or the use of a simile in each sentence?
Think about the logic of the poem does it ask questions and then answer them? or develop an argument? or use a series of analogies to prove a point? Understanding the structure isnt just a matter of mechnics. It will help you understand the meaning of the poem as a whole and to percieve some of the art that the poet has used.

Question 51

3/ What is the theme of the poem?

Answer 51

YOu should now be able to see the point of the poem. sometimes a poem simply says, I love u. sometimes the theme or the meaning is much more complex. if possible define what the poem says and why. a love poem usually praises the loved one in the hope that the speakers love will be returned. but many poems have meanings too complex to be reduced to single sentences.

Question 52

4/ Is the meaning clear?

Answer 52

make sure you understand the meaning of all the words in a poem, especially words you think you may know but which dont seem to fit in the context of the poem. also understand the grammar of the poem. the word order of poetry is often skewed and in a poem, a direct object may come before the subject and the verb.

Question 53

5/ What is the tone of the poem?

Answer 53

tone is a slippery word, and it is sometimes used to mean the mood or atmostphere of a work although purists are offended by this definition. It also can mean a manner of speaking a tone of voice.

Question 54

6/ what are the important images and figures of speech?

Answer 54

What are the important literal sensory objects-the images_ such as a field of peonies or a stench of corruption? What are the similies and metaphors of the poem? in each, exactly what is compared to what? is there a pattern in the images, such as a series of comparisons, all using men compared to wild animals? the most difficult challenge of reading poetry is discriminating between the figurative (i love a rose- that is roses are my favorite)

Question 55

common themes in LIterature

Answer 55

-one reoccuring truth of mythology-is that whatever happens among the gods and other mythical beings is in some way a reflection of human events on earth

Question 56

common themes in LIterature

Answer 56

-may themes and motifs recur in the myths of various cultures and ages.

Question 57

common themes in LIterature

Answer 57

a commone themes in many cultures explains the creation of the world; these range from a god fashioning the earth from abstract chaos to a specific animal creating it from a handful of mind.

Question 58

common themes in LIterature

Answer 58

other myths of cyclical destruction and creation are paralleled by myths of seasonal death and rebirth

Question 59

common themes in LIterature

Answer 59

another common theme is the idea of a long lost golden age of seeming perfection from which humanity has degenerated

Question 60

common themes in LIterature

Answer 60

the motif of a gigantic flood is extremely widespread it is one element of a group of myths that concern the destruction and re creation of of the world or a particular society.

Question 61

common themes in LIterature

Answer 61

other recurring myths explain the origin of fire or tis retrieveal from some being that refuses to share it, the expectation of transcendent changes in the millennium to come, or the complex relationships between the living and dead.