Language key terms Flashcards
Child directed speech (CDS) or motherse
Adults modify their speech to make it easier for children to lern lang. including modifying a sentence structure, repeating key words, and focusing on present objects.
-1st words are spoken by 12 mths. and are usually familiar objects or persons
1st sentences are spoken by 18 to 24 mths. and are usually two word sentences. (telegraphic speech)
fast mapping
a process whereby young children are able to use context to arrive at a quick guess of a words meaning. Nouns (objects) are easier to fast map than verbs (actions).
Habituation
infants and children repeat sounds that are reinforced. children can distinguish abstract rules for sentence structure. for ex: in an experiment, a 7 mth. old listented to nonsense sounds (wo fe wo) When changed to (ga ti ti) the infant was able to discriminate based upon the patterns of repetition.
overregularizations
in early childhood, children begin to use past tenses and plurals in speech. About this time, they also begin to add regular forms on irregular nouns, saying “foots” instead of “feet”
Private speech
talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others. This helps children to integrate lang. and thought.
Telegraphic speech
simplified speech or an early form of speech. This is usually a two word sentence spoken by a 2 year old. first sentences consist of just enough words to get the meaning across. (ex: i cold)
reading assessments
are used with students in grades k-8 to target areas of strength and weakness, to monitor student reading development, and to aid the teacher in planning reading instruction.
alphabet knowledge
identify and form letters
concepts about print
tests important concetps aobut books, including the front and back of a book, that print tells the story, the concept of letters, words, and sentences; and that spaces have a purpose.
phonemic awareness
estimates the level of phonemic awareness in students
phonics test
test phonics skills that are needed in reading
high frequency word recognition
measures word recognition out of context. in general, proficient readers can read words in and out of context and poor readers over rely on context for decoding. this also assists the teacher in deteremining a level to start testing in oral reading inventories.
oral reading inventory
graded passages that give an indication of the fluency with twhich a student is able to read. also evaluated are accuracy , reading rate, reading level, and comprehension level.
spelling inventory
through examination of wrds spelled correctly and incorrectly, a students skills can be classified into developmental spelling stages. in this way skills are examined that directly tie to reading. this assists in planning appropriate spelling and reading instruction.
phonemic awareness
is the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words. This awareness is stronly related to reading achievement. to become proficient readers, chldren must be able to perceive and produce specific sounds of the english lang. and understand how the sound system works. before children learn to read print, they need to become aware of how the sound in words work. they must understand that words are made up of speech sounds, or phonemes.
Phonemes
the smallest parts of sound in a spoken word that make in the word’s meaning.
Phonemic awareness
this is a widely used term in reading, phonemic awareness is NOT phonics.
this is the understanind that the sounds of SPOKEN LANGUAGE work together to make words.
PHONICS
the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes, the letters that represent those sounds in written language.
if a child are to benefit from phonics instruction, they need phonemic awareness. The reason is that children who cannot hear and work with the phonemes of spoken words will have a difficult time learning how to relate thse phonemes to the graphemes when they see them in written words.
