Writing

Question 1

What are the 3 routes for spelling?

Answer 1

• SS/GOL
• SS/POL/GOL
• SS/POL/GOL/GAB

Question 2

What are the 5 routes for writing to dictation?

Answer 2

1. Lexical-semantic: AA-> PIL->SS-> GOL->GAB
2. Lexical-semantic supplemental 1: IF SS->GOL is impaired, and then go via POL->GOL
3. Lexical-semantic supplemental 2: GOL is impaired
4. Lexical non-semantic: via lexicon, bypasses semantic
5. Non-lexical

Question 3

List the central aphragias, and their impairments levels

Answer 3

• deep dysgraphia (SS, POL, GOL, PGC)
• surface dysgraphia (GOL)
• phonological dysgraphia (PGC)
• semantic dysgraphia (SS, and potentially connections from lexicons to SS)

Question 4

What are the features of deep dysgraphia?

Answer 4

• semantic errors (defining feature)
• frequency effects
• imageability effects
• grammatical class effects

ALL ROUTES FOR WRITING (spontaneous and writing to dictation) impaired

Question 5

What are the features of surface dysgraphia?

Answer 5

• regularisation errors
• frequency effects
• confusion with spelling of homophones

ERRORS ON IRREGULAR WORDS

Question 6

How does phonological dysgraphia present, in terms of spelling of: real words, irregular words and nonwords?

Answer 6

• regular and irregular words are spared
• non-words and unfamiliar word spelling will be impaired

Question 7

How does semantic dysgraphia present, in terms of spelling of: real words, irregular words and nonwords?

Answer 7

real words - good
non-words - poor

Question 8

List the peripheral dysgraphias

Answer 8

BEYOND THE GAB
- orthographic buffer breakdowns
- physical-letter-code dysgraphia
- apraxic dysgraphia
- transitional dysgraphia
- spatial dysgraphia

Question 9

Discuss features of peripheral dysgraphias

Answer 9

GAB breakdown:
- length effect
- error types include: omissions, substitutions, transpositions, additions
- errors typically occur to mid to end of word
- more letters = more difficult to spell

Question 10

Discuss features of physical-letter-code dysgraphia

Answer 10

Errors include:
- mixing upper and lower case
- mixing styles
- inability to use a certain case or style
- substitution and reversal errors seen for allographically similar letters

Question 11

Discuss features of apraxic dysgraphia

Answer 11

(at the level of graphic motor programming)
- errors in written letter formation in presence of correct letter selection
- copying and oral spelling are superior to writing to dictation

Question 12

Discuss features of transitional dysgraphia

Answer 12

(disconnection of allographic to motor programming)
- written spelling is impaired
- oral and typed spelling are intact
- errors are well formed, legible, but incorrect letters

Question 13

Discuss features of spatial dysgraphia

Answer 13

• letters are legible and spelling is good
  Errors can include:
• over-repetition of otherwise appropriate letter strokes
• omissions of strokes and letters
• incomplete letters
• progressive widening of margin
• deviation from the horizontal