Wound Healing Flashcards
1
Q
Epithelialization
A
- Any free edge of normal epithelium continues to migrate until it comes into contact with another free edge of epithelium, where it is signaled to stop growing
- This is known as contact inhibition
2
Q
Migration
A
- Proliferation of germinal epithelial cells
3
Q
Stages of wound healing 3
A
- Inflammatory stage
- Fibroplastic Stage
- Remodeling stage
4
Q
Inflammatory Stage
A
- Begins the moment tissue injury occurs and usually lasts 1 to 5 days
- 2 phases
- Vascular phase
- Cellular phase
5
Q
Vascular Phase
A
- The initial vasoconstriction of disrupted vessels that slows blood flow into the area of injury, promoting blood coagulation, followed by vasodialation that opens small spaces between endothelial
- Simultaneous lymphatic obstruction causes collection of fluid in the tissue called edema
6
Q
Cellular Phase
A
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) adhere to the sides of blood vessels (margination), migrate through the vessel walls (diapedesis) to destroy bacteria and other foreign materials, digesting necrotic tissue
7
Q
Fibroplastic Stage
A
- Strands of fibrin derieved from blood coagulation crisscross the wound forming a latticework on which fibroblasts begin laying down ground substance and tropocollagen
- Mucopolysaccharides cement the collagen fibers together
8
Q
Fibroplastic Stage lastas and Phases
A
- Lasts 2-3 weeks
- Migratory phase
- Proliferative phase
9
Q
Migratory Phase
A
- Epithelial migration continues, leukocytes dispose of foreign and necrotic materials, capillary ingrowth begins, and fibroblasts migrate into wound along fibrin strands
10
Q
Proliferative Phase
A
- Proliferation increases epithelial thickness
- Collagen fibers are haphazardly laid down by fibroblasts
- Budding capillaries begin to establish contact with their counterparts from other sites in wound
11
Q
Remodeling Stage
A
- Initial collagen replaced by new collagen
- Increasing tensile strngth
- Stronger wound
- Accounts for about 70% of wound healing time, several months
12
Q
Factors that impair wound healing
A
Foreign material
Necrotic tissue
Ischemia
Wound tension
13
Q
Necrotic tissue
A
- Serves as a barrier to the ingrowth of repearitive cells
- Serves as a niche for bacteria
- Nutrient source for bacteria, especially with hematoma growth
14
Q
Ischemia
A
- Decreases blood supply leading to
- Further necrosis
- Lessens delivery of antibiotics, oxygen and nutrients
15
Q
Primary Intention
A
- Edges of wound are placed in essentially the same anatomic position they held before injury
16
Q
Secondary Intention
A
- A gap is left between the edges of an incision or wound
- Sockets heal by secondary intention
17
Q
Teritary Intention
A
- The healing of wounds through the use of tissue grafts to bridge the gap between wound edges
18
Q
Healing of Extraction Sockets
A
- The empty socket consists of cortical bone with a rim of epithelium (gingiva) at the coronal portion
- The socket fills with blood,
- which coagulates and seals the socket from the oral enviroment
19
Q
Timeline of extraction socket healing
A
- 1st week Inflammatory Stage
- WBC remove bacteria and begin to break down debris, bone fragments
- Fibroplasia the ingrowth of fibroblasts and capillaries and the accumulation of osteoclasts on the crestal bone
- 2nd week
- Granulaton tissue
- Osteios deposition along alveolar bone lining
- Epithelixation are commonly complete by week 3-4
- As bone fills socket, the epithelium moves toward the crest and eventually becomes level with adjacent crestal gingiva
- `4-6 months
20
Q
Bone healing
A
- Same as ST healing
- Inflammation, fibroplasia, remodeling
- Osteoclasts and osteoblasts reconstitute and remodel the damaged bone
- Osteoblasts rebuild bone and are derived from
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
- Circulating pluripotential undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
21
Q
Implant integration, failure
A
- If implant had an epithelial barrier and allowed to develop a biologic bond with bone, epithelial migration down into the bone along implant would be resisted
- If implant had a CT barrier, epithelium would migrate down the implant, externalizing it and implant failure
22
Q
Succesful Implant integration
A
- An osseointegrated implant with dorect bone to implant contact
- Surface epithelium migrantion along the implant is halted by the direct bone to implant integration
23
Q
Wound healing around Implants has 2 factors
A
- Bone to implant healing
- Bone healing must occur before any ST forms btw bone and implant
- ST to implant healing
24
Q
How to maximize bone to implant healing
A
- Short distance btw bone and the implant
- Viable bone at or near the surface of the implant
- No micromovement
- No over heating
- AN implant surface reasonaly free of contamination
25
Q
Implant surface
A
The surface of pure titanium implants are completely covered by a thick layer of titanium oxide
This stabilizes the surface and is the site of osseointegration
26
Q
Prep of implant site, bone considerations
A
- Regardless of how much care is give to not damage the bone during implant prep
- A superficial layer of bone along the surface of a prepared impant site becomes nonviable as a result of thermal and vascular trauma
- Although the living cells in bone die, the inorganic bone strucure remains
- Under the influence of local growth factors, bone cells directly underlying this bone structure and bloodborne undifferentiated mesenchymal cells repopulate and remodel the bony scaffold with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
27
Q
Guided Tissue Regeneration
A
- To selectively aid the bone forming process in its race to cover a surface before ST fills the site
- Woven membranes are used that have a pore size adequate to allow oxygen and other nutrients to reach the bone grown beneath the membrane while keeping fibroblasts and other tissue elements outside the membrane
- This excludes st and guides bone into desired position
28
Q
3 types of nerve injuries with implants
A
- Neurapraxia
- Axonotmesis
- Neurotmesis
29
Q
Neuropraxia
A
- Injury to the nerve that causes no loss of continuity of the axon or endoneurium
- But does cause disruption of the myelin sheath
- Caused by compression of the nerve or ischemia
- Common when implant is placed into the inferior alveolar canal, copressing the nerve
30
Q
Axonotmesis
A
- Injury to nerve that causes loss of axon continuity
- But preserves the endoneurium
- Caused by a crushing injury
- Over aggressive retraction of mental nerve can cause Axonotmesis (crusing)
- Or Neurotmesis (stretching) depending on severity
31
Q
Neurotmesis
A
- Injury to nerve that causes loss of axonal and endoneurium continuity
- Caused by severe contusion, stretching, laceration, or local anesthesia toxicity
- Cutting of the inferior alveolar nerve during the removal of a deeply impacted third molar can cause neurotmesis
