World War 1 Terms

Question 1

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Answer 1

France lost the Franco-Prussian war in which Germany gained Alsace and Lorraine which angered France. This is one of the reasons why France had a strong dislike for Germany and joined the alliance with others that also hate Germany.

Question 2

Emmeline Pankhurst

Answer 2

By 1914 males had universal suffrage. Pankhurst and other feminists were part of the women’s suffrage movement. They (feminists) advocated by heckling politicians and holding public demonstrations. The actions of Pankhurst laid the foundation for women gaining suffrage after World War 1.

Question 3

Liberal Party

Answer 3

The Liberal Party rose to power in England in 1906. The Liberal Party raised taxes on the rich which paid for national health insurance, unemployment benefits, and pensions. The 19th-century liberalism opposed government intervention in the economy, while the 20th-century liberalism favored active government intervention.

Question 4

Paris Commune

Answer 4

1871 people in Paris were angry/ frustrated because France gave Alsace and Lorraine to Germany after losing the Franco-Prussian war. In 1871, Parisians proclaimed the Paris of Commune. The National Assembly ordered the French army into Paris to crush the Paris Commune. New laws established free elementary education for girls and boys. The expansion of public tax-supported schools gave governments a way to install nationalistic feeling in their peoples.

Question 5

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 5

Dreyfus was a captain in the French army that was falsely accused of treason. In 1898-1899 the Dreyfus Affair split France apart. The army, anti-Semites and the Church opposed Dreyfus. Libertarians and the radical republicans supported Dreyfus.

Question 6

Anarchism

Answer 6

The theory that government and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary. Also that society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals. A political theory holding all forms of governmental authority to be unnecessary and undesirable and advocating a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals and groups.

Question 7

Dual Monarchy

Answer 7

Hungarians on the Austrian Empire wanted autonomy in 1848. In 1866 Austria established a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Divided between Austria and Hungary yet it was destroyed because nationalism weakened the empire.

Question 8

Theodore Herzl and Zionism

Answer 8

Anti-Semitism refers to hostility to Jews. At the end of the 19th century, persecution was a harsh reality for Jews in Eastern Europe. Theodore Herzl founded Zionism. The goal of Zionism was to establish a Jewish nation in Palestine. In the late 1800’s/ early 1900s Jews emigrated to Palestine.

Question 9

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 9

The Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary contained
many Serbs. The Ottoman Empire was being destroyed by nationalism during the late 1800s/early 1900s (groups of people in the Ottoman Empire wanted independence)

Question 10

Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia (1908)

Answer 10

Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina to block Serbian expansion, which enraged Serbia and Serbs in Bosnia.

Question 11

Pan-Slavism

Answer 11

Nationalism was spreading in Eastern Europe. Its goal was Slavs sharing a common culture should have a common government.

Question 12

Militarism

Answer 12

The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Question 13

Kaiser Wilhelm ll

Answer 13

Kaiser of Germany during World War I pushed for more aggressive foreign policy. Emperor of Prussia around the time of WWI, formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, and was forced to abdicate in 1918

Question 14

The Triple Entente

Answer 14

• France
• Russia
• Serbia
• Britain

Why these nations were likely to forge alliances:

• Dislike Germany
• Russia and Serbia both contain many Slavic peoples

Question 15

The Triple Alliance

Answer 15

• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy

Why these nations were likely to forge alliances:

• Germany and Austria-Hungary both dislike Russia
• Monarchies
• Central Europe

Question 16

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Answer 16

Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. On June 28, 1914, he visited the Bosnia- Herzegovina capital, Sarajevo, and was assassinated by members of the Black Hand. One of the causes of WW1 because although he wasn’t assassinated in Serbia, Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia.

Question 17

The Black Hand

Answer 17

A secret Serbian group that opposed Austria-Hungary’s rule of Bosnia and dreamed of a Slavic nation. The group that assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Question 18

World War 1

Answer 18

1914-1918 was the deadliest war until World War 2. Estimated 10 million soldiers and civilians died. World War 1 was primarily fought on the Western Front. The Western Front ran from the French border with Switzerland, all the way 480 miles north to Ypres in the North Sea. The other front of fighting was the Eastern Front where the Germans fought the Russians. The Eastern Front ran almost all the way along the entire Russian border.

Question 19

Allied Powers

Answer 19

• France
• Russia
• England

Question 20

Central Powers

Answer 20

• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey

Question 21

Christian Armenians

Answer 21

The Armenians lived in the Russian empire and the Ottoman Empire. In 1915 some Armenians welcomed Russian armies as liberators.

Question 22

Armistice

Answer 22

The Ottoman government ordered mass deportation of its Armenian citizens from their homeland. A million innocent Armenians died from murder, starvation, and disease. The event is also known as the Armenian genocide.

Question 23

Total War

Answer 23

WWI differed from other wars because civilians were also affected by the war, not just soldiers.

EX:

• Governments revoked civil liberties
• Censorship offices controlled news about the course of the war (freedom of speech revoked)
• The economic system, free-market capitalism (Lassiez-Faire capitalism) was abandoned
• Governments controlled their nations economies by setting production goals for businesses, rationing food, and setting limits on wages and prices.
• As armies moved through their towns/cities many civilians lost their lives

Question 24

Name one-way governments change during the total war

Answer 24

• Governments revoke civil liberties
• Censorship offices control news about the course of the war (freedom of speech revoked)
• Free-market capitalism (Lassiez Faire capitalism) abandoned
• Governments control their nations economies by setting production goals for businesses
• Ordering civilians to ration food
• Governments setting limits on wages and prices

Question 25

Russian Revolution (1905)

Answer 25

Russians were humiliated after the loss of the Russo-Japanese War and angry when troops trampled peaceful demonstrators in St. Petersburg on “Bloody Sunday”. The 1905 Revolution was an uprising of the people of Russia demanding a change in their government. Peasants seized lands, cities engaged in demonstrations and general strikes. Tzar Nicholas II fearing losing control, granted limited reforms.

Question 26

February Revolution (1917)

Answer 26

World War 1 cause millions of Russian deaths, destroying the nation’s economy and weakened support for the tzar and his government. Workers were working long hours with low pay, so worker-led riots broke out. When the soldiers refused to fire on the striking workers, Nicholas realized he was powerless to govern Russia. He soon abdicated the throne and the revolution leaders declared Russia a republic. The Russian Revolution in 1917 saw the collapse of the empire under Tzar Nicholas II and later the rise of Communism under Vladimir Lenin.

Question 27

Vladimir Lenin

Answer 27

Leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin promised peace to the soldiers, bread to the workers, and land to the peasants.

Question 28

Bolsheviks/ Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

Answer 28

In November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power by force. Once in power, the Bolsheviks changed the name of their political party to the communists, making their nation the world’s first communist country. Also, they changed the name of their country to the “Soviet Union”

Result:

• Withdrew Russia from WWI
• Transferred millions of acres of land to poor Russian peasants
• All industries were nationalized (taken over and run by the Soviet government)

Question 29

Nationalized

Answer 29

To be taken over and run by the government

Question 30

Russian Civil War

Answer 30

(1918-1921) Reds vs. Whites.

War erupted between Russians who supported Lenin’s program (Reds) and those who opposed and wanted to return Russia to Tzar (Whites). Reds won, securing the position of the new communist government in Russia.