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semester 2 > world issues exam > Flashcards

world issues exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define “Geographic Issue”

A

A complex problem that requires a solution, is complex and controversial, involves many stakeholders and is difficult to solve

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2
Q

Define “Spatial Significance”

A

A Concept of Geographic Thinking.
The connections that exist between a geographical location and the physical characteristics of a site. Understand the relationships between the natural and human elements of a place. (Significance of a space)

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3
Q

Define “Interrelationships”

A

A concept of geographical thinking
Where human and natural resources interact/connect with each other (What where, Why there, Why care?)

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4
Q

Define “Patterns and Trends”

A

A Concept of Geographical Thinking. Identify characteristics that are similar/repeat within places, Why the similarites repeat, Why It’s Important

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5
Q

What are the geographic perspectives (4)

A

Social, economic, environmental, political.

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6
Q

Geographic perspective: Social

A

Social issues affect the wellbeing of a population. Ex. Lack of housing, an environmental crisis affecting the population

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7
Q

Geographic perspective: Political

A

Issues involving governing bodies and institutions, political parties/leaders. Ex. Civil war, ownership of the Arctic, Gay marriage/rights

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8
Q

Geographic Perspective: Economic

A

Deal with the economy, financial markets and employment. Ex. significant unemployment, construction costs, cost of an oil spill clean up

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9
Q

Geographic Perspectives: Environmental

A

Created by or impact the world. Ex. Volcanic eruptions, climate change, deforestation.

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10
Q

How can we analyze issues by using the concepts of geographic thinking? (Social)

A
  • How is this issue affecting people in the community/society
  • Are people benefiting or being harmed by the situation
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11
Q

How can we analyze issues by using the concepts of geographic thinking? (Political)

A
  • What political parties are involved in the issue and what is their role
  • What are the political goals
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12
Q

How can we analyze issues by using the concepts of geographic thinking? (economy)

A
  • How is the economy being affected by the issue
  • What are the economic drawbacks or benefits
  • Will people gain or lose employment
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13
Q

How can we analyze issues by using the concepts of geographic thinking? (environmental)

A
  • How is the environment being affected by the issue in short and long term
  • Is the environmental impact regional or global?
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14
Q

Bias

A

The tendency to believe that some people/ideas are better than others
This usually results in treating some people unfairly
A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

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15
Q

Different types of bias (16)

A

Spin,
Unsubstantiated claims,
Opinions as facts,
Sensationalism,
Mudslinging,
Mind reading,
Slant,
Flawed Logic,
Bias by Omission,
Omission of Source,
Bias by Choice and Place,
Subjective Qualifying Adjectives,
Word Choice,
Negativity Bias,
Photo Bias,
Elite Vs. Populist Bias

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16
Q

Bias: Spin

A

Media Bias, characterized by ambiguous, dramatic or exaggerated wording.
“Spinning” an narrative

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17
Q

Bias: Unsubstantiated Claims

A

A claim not supported or proven by evidence

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18
Q

Opinions as facts

A

Presents an opinion as a fact.

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19
Q

Bias: Sensationalism

A

Presents information with shock value or in a way that leaves a deep impression. (a breaking news headline)

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20
Q

Bias: Mudslinging

A

Use of insults and accusations with the aim of damaging the reputation of someone else

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21
Q

Bias: Mind Reading

A

When the writer assumes what the subject is thinking with no evidence

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22
Q

Bias: Slant

A

When journalists only give partial facts, don’t share the whole story or picks or chooses what information to share to favour one side of an argument.

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23
Q

Bias: Flawed Logic

A

An argument that is faulty/proven poorly (lack of proof/research)

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24
Q

Bias by Omission

A

Where people omit facts/information that would disprove their argument

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25
Q

Bias: Omission of Source

A

People don’t provide a source to prove their claims

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26
Q

Bias by choice/place

A

When the media chooses to cover certain stories and omit others

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27
Q

Bias: Subjective Qualifying Adjectives

A

Subjective selection of adjectives can influence the way people interpret the content

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28
Q

Bias: Word Choice

A

Words and phrases that reveal the writers opinions/ideologies

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29
Q

Bias: Negativity Bias

A

Highlighting/emphasizing negative/bad news

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30
Q

Bias: Photo Bias

A

The distortion of information in photographs for the purpose of influencing perceptions

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31
Q

Bias: Elite vs. Populist Bias

A

When people repeat/try to appeal to the opinions of societies elites (politicians/billionaires). Saying what people want to hear rather than what they need to hear

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32
Q

Mercator map projection

A

Makes it easier for navigators by keeping parallels and meridians as straight lines
misinterprets countries shapes and sizes by showing them farther away than they are from the equator
This shows Africa appearing smaller than Greenland when it’s actually larger
Used on maps/google maps

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33
Q

Galls Peters Projection

A

Preserves area
Displays the sizes of countries accurately but still distorts their shapes so has failed to become widely adopted

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34
Q

How are maps biased

A

Maps have to portray a 3 dimensional shape on a flat sheet of paper
All of them distort some aspect of the globe
Map makers have to pick which areas to highlight and which ones to sacrifice

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35
Q

Why are maps important

A

Gather information, analyze distribution and spatial patters, present and communicate research, simplify complex patters and trends, gains greater insight, creates conversations and may change our perspective

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36
Q

Danger of a single story TED talk

A

Highlights the importance of multiple perspectives and avoiding biases and stereotypes.
Woman from Africa moves to the US and is surprised with the amount of assumptions made about her because of the one perspectives people are fed in the media

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37
Q

How does the UN define a country?

A

A state
A sovereign political entity, institutional structure or organization that is referred to as a country
Must make their own decisions & laws
Has a territory
Has a permanent populace
Has a government

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38
Q

Country Shapes (6)

A

Elongated, Compact, Prorupted, Fragmented, Perforated, Enclave

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39
Q

Elongated

A

Shape is long and narrow (Italy, Vietnam, Thailand)

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40
Q

Compact

A

Somewhat circular, the distance from the center doesn’t vary significantly (Poland)

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41
Q

Prorupted

A

Compact state with a projecting territory (Namibia, Congo, Myanmar)

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42
Q

Fragmented

A

Several discontinuous pieces of territory such as islands (Indonesia, Fiji, Philipines)

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43
Q

Perforated

A

A state that completely surrounds another state (South Africa surrounds Lesotho)

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44
Q

Enclave

A

A country who’s borders are entirely within another city (Vatican City is in Italy, Lesotho is in South Africa)

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45
Q

Boundaries

A

Boundaries exist between states to limit the extent of that state’s sovereign territory
Usually invisible but can be marked
Boundary disputes are solved by the United Nations international court of law

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46
Q

Exclusive Economic Zone

A

Includes water 3-200 nautical miles offshore
Has Sovereign rights for the purpose of managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil and superjacent waters

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47
Q

Division of Antarctica

A

1961 treaty made of Australia, Chile, New Zealand, France, Britain, Norway, Japan, South Africa, USA, USSR, Argentina and Belgium to dedicate the continent to peaceful investigation.
1991 treaty of 24 countries expanded it to include a ban on oil and mineral exploration for at least 50 years

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48
Q

Largest countries

A

Russia, Canada, China

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49
Q

Smallest countries

A

Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru

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50
Q

Pros of Large countries

A

Large amount of resources, large economy, international power and influence

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51
Q

Cons of Large Countries

A

Hard to govern; large areas = diverse populations, expensive for infrastructure, long borders; need for defense

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52
Q

Pros of Small Countries

A

Likely to have a single culture, easier to govern, less area to provide services for

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53
Q

Cons of Small Countries

A

Few resources, small economy, small population, limited power and influence

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54
Q

Pros of elongated states

A

Diversity in climate and environment

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55
Q

Cons of elongated states

A

At risk of poor communication; not all areas could have access to the capital

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56
Q

Pros of Compact states

A

Better transportation & communication
Capital is an equal distance from all areas

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57
Q

Pros of Prorupted states

A

Can help give country access to a resource or sea, Can separate two states to keep them from sharing a boundary

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58
Q

Pros of Fragmented States

A

Can have many resources

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59
Q

Cons of fragmented states

A

Makes communication difficult, difficult for people in remote areas to integrate with the rest of state

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60
Q

Cons of Enclave states

A

The country depends almost entirely on the country that surrounds it for transportation and the import and export of goods.
There’s potential for hostility between the two nations which would make things really difficult

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61
Q

Economic Stats

A

GDP, GNI, Employment rate

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62
Q

GDP

A

Gross domestic product
The income generated by production activities on the economic territory of the country
Calculated by dividing the total GDP country by it’s total population

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63
Q

GNI

A

Gross National Income
The income generated by the residents of a country, whether earned in the domestic territory or abroad
Calculated by the dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divided by it’s total population

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64
Q

Employment rate

A

Percentage of 15+ population that is employed
Employment is defined as people of a working age who engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit

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65
Q

Population Stats

A

Population, Birth rate, Death rate, Population growth rate, Dependency ratio, Urbanization,

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66
Q

Population

A

The whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region
this value counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship

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67
Q

Birth Rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 people in a country
Based on data from birth and death registration systems, censuses and sample surveys by national statistical offices

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68
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 in a country
Based on data from birth and death registration systems, censuses and sample surveys by national statistical offices

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69
Q

Population Growth rate

A

ALWAYS expressed as a percentage
A statistic pertaining to the percent in which the population of a nation increases in a year.
Bigger percentage = bigger growth rate

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70
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents; people younger than 15 but older than 64

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71
Q

Urbanization

A

Refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices
It’s calculated by using World Bank Population estimates and urban ratios from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects
Data shows annual % growth of the population living in urban areas

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72
Q

Quality of life stats

A

Literacy rate, School Enrollment GPI, Infant mortality rate, Life expectancy, fertility rate, access to safe water

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73
Q

Literacy rate

A

the percentage of people ages 15+ who can read and write
Data is expressed as a percentage

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74
Q

School Enrollment GPI

A

GPI= Gender Parity Index
The ratio of girls to boys enrolled at primary & secondary levels in public and private schools
A GPI less than 1 suggests that girls are more disadvantaged than boys
A GPI above 1 suggests that boys are more disadvantaged than girls

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75
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of infant (younger than 1 year) deaths per 1000 live births in a year

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76
Q

Life expectancy

A

Indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if patterns of mortality at the same time time of birth were to stay the same throughout its life

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77
Q

Fertility Rate

A

Represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years according to age specific fertility rates of the year

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78
Q

Access to safe water

A

The percentage of people using basic and/or safely managed water services (defined as drinking water from an improved source)
Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes, or tube wells, dug wells, protected springs and packaged or delivered water

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79
Q

Environmental Statistics

A

CO2 Emissions Per Capita, Mammal species threatened, Ecological Footprint,

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80
Q

CO2 Emissions per capita

A

Expressed as metric tones per capita
Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossils and the manufacture of cement
Includes carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid liquid, gas fuels and gas flaring

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81
Q

Mammal species threatened

A

Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises
Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger or insufficiently known

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82
Q

Ecological footprint

A

How much demand human consumption places on the Earths resources
Measured in global hectares
The ecological footprint per person is a nations total ecological footprint divided by the total population

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83
Q

Levels of world development

A

Developed, In-transition, developing, least developed

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84
Q

World development classifications

A

By status, By income, Human development (HDI)

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85
Q

World development by status classifications

A

Developed - Developing - Least developed

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86
Q

World by level of income classifications

basically class

A

High income - Upper middle income- lower middle income - low income

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87
Q

Human development index considerations

A

Life expectancy, access to education, standard of living measured by GNI per capita

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88
Q

Human development index classifications (some numbers)

A

High (0.8 - 1.0) - Upper-middle (0.6 - 0.8) - Lower-middle (0.4 - 0.6) - Low (0 - 0.4)

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89
Q

Stakeholder types

A

Humanitarian assistance, Intergovernmental Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations, Activists, Citizens

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90
Q

Types of Geopolitical Intervention

A

Development aid, Trade Embargoes, Military Aid, Indirect Military Action, Direct Military action

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91
Q

Humanitarian assistance

A

Goal is to protect human rights
Provided through Non-governmental organizations rather than military force

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92
Q

Trade Embargoes

A
  • Known as economic sanctions, prevent a country from undertaking international trade in a normal way
  • Prevents exports or banning imports, pressure is placed on the leaders of a sovereign state to change policy because their economy suffers
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93
Q

Development Aid

A
  • Money, technical help and physical supplies is provided from one country to another, often involving intergovernmental organizations such as the UN and/or NGOS
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94
Q

Military Aid

A

Money provided from one sovereign state to another to buy military equipment

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95
Q

Indirect military action

A

Military equipment or military advisers are provided from one state to another

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96
Q

Direct Military Action

A

Armed forces from one sovereign state engage in conflict in another state
This is often done as a part of a coalition

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97
Q

Intergovernmental Organizations

A

Voluntary associations of 2 or more governments that meet regularly and have full time staff members
Can form for economic, political, environmental or military purposes
Serves as a negotiating tactic

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98
Q

Examples of intergovernmental organizations

A

UN, World Bank, African Union, EU, WHO, World Trade Organization

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99
Q

Non-Governmental Organizations

A

Specialized organizations that work to develop national interests and involvement in world affairs through education programs, support programs, promoting support for global initiatives and promotion of international cooperation

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100
Q

Examples of NGOs

A

Greenpeace, Amnesty international, Red Cross

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101
Q

Non Profit Organizations (NPOs)

A

Non profit organizations are charity organizations lalala blah blah blah

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102
Q

WE Charity case study

A

WE aimed to help communities lift themselves out of poverty. They were accused of being too close to Trudeau and accepting millions of dollars from them

103
Q

Sustainable Development

A

How to continue developing the world but sustainably

104
Q

Sustainable Development Goals

A

The UNs 17 goals to maintain sustainable development, centered around peace, environmental consciousness, human rights and stuff

105
Q

Canadas contribution to SDGs

A

Canada fell from 21st to 29th and is ranked 26th on their actions

106
Q

Human Rights

A

Inherent to all human beings. Everyone is equally entitled to human rights without discrimination.

107
Q

Indigenous rights

A

Indigenous rights are derived from Indigenous lands, institutions or structures. Can only be defined by the respective Indigenous nation.

108
Q

UNDRIP

A

A declaration among countries that defines and explains what Indigenous Rights are, how they’re to be protected

109
Q

Why is UNDRIP important

A

It gives Indigenous peoples a more solid way to fight for their rights and clearly outlines their rights

110
Q

Quality of life measurements

A

Cost of living, Affordability of housing, pollution levels, crime rates, health system quality, traffic

111
Q

Population patterns + quality of life

A

Demand for resources, Demand for products, levels of employment, Need for social services, Impacts on the environments

112
Q

Absolute population

A

The total number of people who live in a given area

113
Q

Population density

A

The number of people living in each unit of area (ex. people per km)

114
Q

Population Growth rate

A

The rate at which the number of individuals increases in a period of time (expressed as a percentage)

115
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

Ratio of dependents (under 15, over 64) and the working age population (15-64)

116
Q

Urbanization Rate

A

% of people living in urban areas according to national statistical offices

117
Q

Fertility rate

A

The number of children born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the given year

118
Q

Natural increase rate

A

The birth rate minus the death rate expressed as a percentage

119
Q

Net migration rate

A

the total number of immigrants, minus the number of emigrants

120
Q

High quality of life

A

Finland, Norway, Netherlands

121
Q

Low quality of life

A

Nigeria, Venezuela, Bangladesh

122
Q

Optimistic views of population

A

The historical opinion that large families/populations are the most desirable. Large families = a larger religious group, which makes the religion more socially and politically powerful.

123
Q

Pessimistic population views

A

The opposite of Optimism, caused a population boom. Pessimists argue that Earth is finite and can only support an certain amount of people.

124
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The amount of people and resources the Earth can handle. Exceeding the carrying capacity is only possible at the expense of the environment

125
Q

Demographic regulation

A

Over an extended period of time, a society naturally limits its own population. The population will only grow in response to the Earths ability to support it.

126
Q

Overpopulation

A

Based on the consumption rates of the population, not just the number of people. This also introduced the concept of an ecological footprint.

127
Q

Demographic Transition model

A

Created to describe patterns in population, showing the relationship between population growth and the economy

128
Q

Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

A

Stage 1, High stationary: High birth & death rate; population is low
Stage 2, Early Expanding: Death rate decreases, Birth rate stays high, population grows
Stage 3, Late Expanding: Birth rate drops, population continues to grow
Stage 4, Low Stationary: Population still grows, birth & deathrate are super low
Stage 5, Declining: Population begins to decline

129
Q

Population Pyramids stages

A

Stage 1
Stage 2: Pre-transitional
Stage 3: Early Transition
Stage 4: Late Transition
Stage 5: Post-Transition

130
Q

Population Pyramid Stage 1

A

Low population growth rate
Population size remains consistent in relation to wars and pandemics

131
Q

Population Pyramid Stage 2

A

Very distinctive; wide at the bottom and narrow at the top
Indicates a high birth & deathrate & low life expectancy

132
Q

Population Pyramid stage 3

A

Birth rate & Death rates decrease
A result of improved economic conditions

132
Q

Population Pyramid stage 4

A

Birth and Death rates are both low, stabilizes the population

133
Q

Population Pyramid stage 5

A

Low fertility rates cause population to fall low, death rate becomes higher than birth rate
Very high life expectancy and high dependency

133
Q

IPAT equation

A

I = P x A x T
Describes the relationship between
I- Environmental impact
P- Population
A- Affluence
T- Technology

134
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

Malthus (1766-1843)
Believed that the human population would increase faster than food supply. Once population exceeds food supply, war, famine and disease would develop to balance the growth

134
Q

Malthusian population policy

A

No birth control but rather later marriages to lower fertility rates.

134
Q

Neo-Malthusian Theory

A

Paul Ehrlich (1968)
Continued Malthus’ beliefs but considered birth control an acceptable method.
Predicted rapid population growth in the 70s/80s which didn’t happen because food production rates increased faster than population growth.

134
Q

Neo-Malthusian Population policy

A

Population can be reduced through literacy, more effective health care, birth control and increasing women’s rights
Developed religions need to reduce their affluence
Technology and the economy alone won’t solve issues, it will only delay inevitable problems

134
Q

Anti-Malthusians

A

Julia Simon
The environment provides humans with infinite materials to create/obtain products. Therefore, people will find a way to conserve resources or develop substitutes.

134
Q

Types of Poverty

A

Absolute, Extreme, Relative

134
Q

Absolute poverty

A

The number of people who are unable to acquire life’s basic necessities

134
Q

Extreme poverty

A

People who live on less than $2.15 a day

134
Q

Relative Poverty

A

Those who have a low level of financial income in relation to cost of living

134
Q

Poverty Trap

A

A situation where someone is stuck in deprivation over long periods of time with no way out on their own. (theory that households who start poor remain poor)

134
Q

Two types of migrants

A

Immigrant and Emigrant

134
Q

Immigrant

A

Someone who relocates into a new country

135
Q

Emigrant

A

Someone who relocates out of their country

135
Q

Refugees

A

People who have been persecuted or have reason to fear persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group.

135
Q

Asylum-seekers

A

Fled to a new country but their application for sanctuary is still pending, not yet legally recognized as a refugee

135
Q

Internally displaced people

A

People who have been forced to leave their home or area of country but haven’t crossed international borders.

136
Q

Brain Drain

A

When the smartest people in a country leave en masse because there’s not enough oppertunity for them

136
Q

Brain Gain

A

Where many smart people emigrate to a country because of the educational/occupational oppertunities

136
Q

Urbanization

A

The movement of people from rural to urban settings. Cities expand outward to absorb a growing population, but often without proper planning to allow for the well being of residents and the environment

137
Q

Megacity

A

A city with a population of 10 million or more (ex. New York, Tokyo)

137
Q

Slums/Informal settlements

A

Most of the worlds population growth occurs in developing countries. “informal settlements that lack one or more of the following 5 conditions; access to clean water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area that isn’t overcrowded, durable housing and secure tenure

137
Q

Urban sprawls & suburbs

A

Urban Sprawl: Growth that spreads outward and greatly increases the size of urban areas
Suburbs: Communities that grow outside of a city and where low-density housing is spread out over the surrounding countryside.

138
Q

Urban heat island

A

fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutants, cities have higher air and surface temperatures and are more prone to smog

138
Q

Climate refugees

A

climate change is contributing to rapid urbanization.
Climate change affects the living quality and whatever of citizens.

139
Q

Urban Runoff

A

surfaces (pavement and asphalt) prevent water drainage and rainwater washes traffic pollution into rivers and streams

140
Q

Population policy

A

When a country puts sanctions/laws in place to encourage/discourage people from having children

140
Q

Pro-Natalist

A

Encourages people to have children/increase the population

140
Q

Anti-Natalist

A

Discourages people from having children/puts sanctions in place to prevent population growth

141
Q

What is COP28

A

28th conference of parties meeting to talk about the environment and how to reduce climate change

141
Q

What is the Paris agreement

A

an agreement within the United Nations dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020. (COP21)

141
Q

COP28 goals (4)

A
  • Clean Energy: Slash emissions for 2030, limit global warming to 1.5 C above pre industrial levels
  • Centering: put nature, people & livelihoods at the forefront
  • Finance: Deliver on old promises and set the framework for a new financial deal; ensure climate goals are affordable
  • Inclusivity: Ensure climate deals are inclusive for poorer countries and include Indigenous groups and points of view
141
Q

Three key points of the Paris Agreement

A
  • Aims to limit temperature increase to 1.5 - 2 C
  • reviews countries commitments every 5 years to ensure they stay on track
  • Provides finance to developing countries to help mitigate climate change
141
Q

How does the Paris Agreement relate to COP28

A

Requires countries to submit an updated National Climate Action Plan. These plans provide valuable information on the steps next steps regarding climate change

141
Q

Aim of the Paris Agreement

A

Reduce global greenhouse gas emissions

141
Q

What is the Glasgow Climate Pact

A

A collection of climate change solutions that is agreed to and applies to all members of the paris agreement.

142
Q

How does the Glasgow Climate Pact connect to COP28?

A

Both are conferences of parties. Glasgow Climate Pact is COP26

142
Q

What is the goal of foodscapes

A
  • To understand interactions between people and the food environment
  • Researchers and policy makers aim to promote sustainable food systems and overall well being
  • Identifying opportunities for creating healthier, more resilient and culturally relevant food environments
142
Q

Glasgow Climate Pact aim or goal (3)

A
  • Parties revisit and strengthen their 2023 emissions reduction targets
  • extends the life long term strategies and requests a synthesis report on them
  • focuses attention on non CO2 gasses, fossil fuels, nature and ecosystems
142
Q

Two Key points of the Emerald Edge

A
  • Enhance biodiversity
  • Work with and respect Indigenous peoples
142
Q

Three key points of Foodscapes

A
  • Encompasses a range of environments related to food, agricultural landscapes, urban markets and food distribution networks
  • Emphasizes the cultural and social dimensions of food, examining how food practice’s and preferences are embedded in the fabric of communities
  • Often focuses on promoting sustainable and equitable food systems
143
Q

What is Foodscapes

A

Looks at:

  • The basic aspects of food
  • Cultural practices related to food
  • How food varies depending on the environment
  • Explores how food is grown, processed and marketed
144
Q

What is the TNC

A

The Nature Conservancy; a non profit environmental organization

144
Q

Natural resources

A

Natural materials used by humans

144
Q

How does Foodscapes connect to COP28?

A

COP28 and foodscapes both want to reduce food waste and promote ways to have sustainable food

144
Q

What does the TNC do

A

Pushes for more ambitious reform in regards to fossil fuel usage and to invest more in climate resolutions.

144
Q

Differences between Indigenous and Western knowledges & beliefs

A
  • Western society tends to view ecosystems as a resource to control and own
  • Western economic systems require endless resources which often come from ancestral Indigenous lands
144
Q

What are some of the most pressing environmental issues

A

Global warming, Pollution for both land and sea, over use of resources, unsustainable resources

144
Q

What does the term “world out of balance” refer to?

A

A term used by Indigenous peoples to refer to the “extreme weather, costal erosion, the loss of sea ice, biodiversity and water quality decline, climate impacts and associated cultural change” as a result of climate change.

145
Q

Non-critical resources

A

indifferently without the risk of being depleted or harmed

Solar energy, wind energy

145
Q

Deforestation

A

The removal of a forest or group of trees that is then converted into non-forest use

145
Q

Renewable resources

A

A resource that can be replaced or reused indefinitely.

Solar, wind, water (tidal)

145
Q

Critical resources

A

requires sustainable practice’s to remain unharmed and renewable

Water, forests/trees

145
Q

Non-renewable resources

A

Limited resources, difficult or impossible to replace when used

Coal, oil, ecosystems, nuclear energy

145
Q

Net forest loss

A

Measures deforestation + gain in a time period.

Since 2010, the global net loss was 4.7 million hectares per year

145
Q

How does deforestation contribute to climate change?

A

The mass loss of trees results in lower absorption of CO2, heightening the affects of climate change

146
Q

Drivers of deforestation

A

Consumerism and the import of things such as beef, vegetable oil, cocoa, coffee and paper

146
Q

Which countries have high and low levels of deforestation

A

Low levels: China, India and Russia

High levels: Brazil, Indonesia, Tanzania

147
Q

Causes of ocean pollution

A

Causes: Single use plastics, improper disposal of waste/garbage, short term gain for long term loss

147
Q

What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

A

An 1.6 million square km area in the North Pacific Ocean covered in marine debris (litter that ends up in the water).

148
Q

Effects of ocean pollution

A

microplastics travelling up the food chain, damage to marine life and ecosystems, polluting water

149
Q

Malnutrition

A

Deficiencies, excess or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. Can occur when people are undernourished or overnourished

150
Q

Hunger

A

A time when a person doesn’t have the physical or financial abilities to eat sufficient food that meets their basic nutritional needs for a significant amount of time.

150
Q

Food Security

A

Refers to peoples social, physical and economic access to a healthy and consistent supply of food. Looks at food availability, food access, utilization and stability

151
Q

Key drivers of hunger(4)

A
  • Food prices
  • Poverty
  • Conflicts
  • Global temperature
152
Q

The Global Hunger Index (GHI)

A

A system that looks at and ranks the hunger threat levels of different countries.

153
Q

How does the global food crisis relate to the economy

A

Food security depends on the rise and fall of the economy. If the economy is good, then food security is more easy to come by. The economic state also impacts retailers, farmers and local businesses.

154
Q

How does the global food crisis relate socially

A

Need for food can cause a disconnect between people due to conflict/fighting over food. An increase in poverty rates also causes a decrease in quality of life

155
Q

How does the global food crisis relate to politics

A

Food can be used as a political bargaining point. Trade relations (imports/exports) can be impacted due to war or conflicts

156
Q

How does the global food crisis relate to the environment

A

Food resources such as farm land and fisheries can struggle due to climate change or global warming.

157
Q

How much of the world doesn’t have enough to eat

A

10%

158
Q

What is the #1 cause of hunger

A

Conflict

159
Q

What areas make up the hungriest areas

A
  • 65% of people live in 10 countries facing war, violence and persecution
  • 80% of the people live in natural disaster prone countries with high levels of environment degradation
160
Q

How often do children die from malnutrition

A

every 10 seconds

160
Q

Why isn’t world hunger about a lack of food

A

The world produces enough food to feed everyone, however one third of produce is squandered or spoiled before it can be consumed

160
Q

What does malnourishment cover

A

People with a lack of food and people who suffer from obesity.

There’s 828 million hungry people and 1 billion overweight people

161
Q

How much as COVID increased world hunger

A

by about 150 Million

161
Q

How does hunger affect women compared to men

A

In countries with conflict, women often eat least and last. In two thirds of countries women are more likely than men report hunger

162
Q

Environmental Degradation

A

The deterioration of the environment through loss of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife

162
Q

How do natural resources impact conflict

A
  • Natural resources allow wars to continue that were triggered by other factors.
  • Groups may claim they are being driven by an unrelated factors in order to enrich themselves through illegal resource extraction
162
Q

Scarcity

A

The lack of a key resource

162
Q

How does tension relate to resource conflict

A

Resources can inspire conflict between groups who both want a resource

162
Q

Pastoralism

A

Involves raising domestic animals in grassland environments using heard and household mobility

162
Q

Global Commons

A

The earths shared natural resources such as deep oceans, the atmosphere, space and the north and south pole

162
Q

Horn of Africa

A

The worst drought in four decades left the horn of Africa with 20 million+ people facing food insecurity

162
Q

Cumulative Effect

A

Many people trying to exploit a free-access resource eventually exhausts or ruins it.

163
Q

How are resources used

A

Resources are used unwisely and with a very individualist mindset.

163
Q

Sustainable solutions

A

Approaches that preserve the long term well-being of communities and environments by investing in positive economic, social and environmental projects, programs and services

163
Q

Green Technology

A

Technologies that are environmentally friendly based on the production process or supply chain. Can also refer to clean energy production; the use of alternative fuels and technologies that are less harmful to the environment.

163
Q

What are common resources

A

Resources that no individual or organization can claim.

163
Q

Consumer

A

Those who are purchasing goods or services.

164
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons

A

the tendency for a common resource to be overused

164
Q

Innovation

A

An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.

164
Q

Globalization

A

The connection of different parts of the world. The process in which businesses, organizations and countries begin operating on an international scale.

165
Q

Manufacturing

A

The making of goods or a component of one

165
Q

Key historical aspects of Globalization

A

The success of the spice trade and the area it covered as well as the slave trade and it’s negative consequenses.

165
Q

Industry

A

Something that produces goods or services.

165
Q

Income disparity

A

The difference in wealth/wages between the rich and the poor

165
Q

Financial Globalization

A

Financial systems are interconnected
Network among cities rather than nations
Trading on different stock exchanges affect one and other

165
Q

Outsourcing

A

Relocating the production of goods to elsewhere

165
Q

Producer

A

A company that produces the goods being sold.

165
Q

Types of globalization (7)

A

Financial, Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural, Ecological, Sociological

166
Q

Economic globalization

A

One of the most controversial
Multi-national corporations that do business in multiple countries
Rich and poor gap widens
Companies can be more influential than a government

167
Q

Cultural Globalization

A

Harmonization of the worlds cultures at the expense of widely different local cultures
Fear of westernization/McDonaldization

167
Q
A
167
Q

Sociological Globalization

A

Members of a single world society that has become more significant than national and cultural societies.

167
Q

Technological Globalization

A

The creation of a global village
Mostly wealthier countries/people
Cell networks over landline in developing areas

167
Q

Political globalization

A

Policies that cross national boundaries
Bring uniformity to policy for multiple nations

167
Q

Ecological Globalization

A

One ecosystem, not separate
Has led to leaders of the world trying to solve the environmental crisis

167
Q

Information technology

A

A set of fields that include computer systems, software, programming languages, data and information processing

167
Q

Anchor store

A

A store used to attract people to come to a mall (ex. The Bay)

168
Q

Trade Agreements

A

an agreement between countries where the countries agree on certain obligations that affect trade in goods and services, and protections for investors and intellectual property rights, among other topics.

168
Q

Canada-UK trade continuity agreement

A

Canadas trade agreements with the UK following Brexit
Essentially continues all trade agreements previously had

168
Q

Comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans-pacific partnership (CPTPP)

A

Canada and Australia, Brunei, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam.
Aims to create jobs, strengthen economic relations, boost Canadas trade

168
Q

World Trade Organization (WTO)

A

A global system of trade rules that can settle disputes and support the needs of developing countries

168
Q

Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)

A

Will maintain a tariff-free market, will preserve existing agriculture commitments

168
Q

Free trade

A

a pact between nations to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them

169
Q

Fair trade

A

a movement that aims to help farmers and producers in less economically developed countries

169
Q

Conditions of child labour

A

Lack of safety/regulations. Children risk abuse, work long hours, and often live in isolation from their families and friends.

semester 2 (8 decks)

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