World History Test Review Flashcards
James Cook (1728-1779)
British sea captain whose three voyages to the Pacific Ocean greatly expanded European knowledge of the region. Regarded as a great national hero by the British public, he was killed in an altercation with Hawai’ian islanders in 1779.
Francios Viete
Understood that you could use letters to stand for numbers
Simon Stevin (1548-1620)
decimal numbers and calculations
Ptolemy
Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe, sun was the center of the universe
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Mathematician, developed laws of planetary motion
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Italian astronomer and mathematician. Developed his laws of motion, establishing the study of physics. The first to use a telescope to observe the heavens.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law.
Galen
Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200) Dissection
William Harvey (1578-1657)
He discovered the circulation of blood through veins and arteries in 1628, and he was the first to explain that the heart worked like a pump. He also explained the function of its muscles and valves.
Robert Boyle
Founder of modern chemistry
Margaret Cavendish
A unique and groundbreaking woman writer, and the only female philosopher of her time. Belief that humans through science were masters of nature
Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)
The most famous of the female astronomers in Germany. Discovered a comet.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
- French philosopher and mathematician
2. Father of modern rationalism
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth.
John Locke (1632-1704)
Believed that all humans had certain Natural rights, rights with which they were born. these included rights to life liberty and property
What was the Scientific Revolution?
The series of events that led to the birth of modern science
How many estates were there in France?
3 estates
1st Estate:
the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes
2nd Estate
“The Nobles”—Make up 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in government. Controlled the most wealth.
3rd Estate
everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property
Heliocentric Theory
the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
Universal Law of Gravitation
one of Newton’s three rules of motion; it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.
Scientific Method
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws (1748). Said “Power checks power” and expressed the idea of separation of powers.
Diderot
Wrote the encyclopedia
Laissez-faire
Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy.
Catherine the Great
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe’s most powerful nations
Balthasar Neumann
one of the greatest architects of the eighteenth century
Mozart
a composer from Austria, who was known for classical NEW STYLE. Child prodigy.
Hanoverians
a new dynasty replacing Stuart line. Protestant rulers of the German state of Hanover offered to rule Britain
Federal system
the sharing of power between the National and state governments
The French Revolution established what?
new political order and new social order
Bourgeoisie
French middle class
Louis XVI (16th)
King of France during the French Revolution, is executed by the guillotine
Marie Antoinette
Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
National Assembly of France
Governing body of France that succeeded the Estates-General in 1789 during the French Revolution. It was composed of, and defined by, the delegates of the Third Estate.
Tennis Court Oath (1789)
3rd estate was locked out of the meeting room so they went to the Tennis Court room and assembled saying that they would not stop gathering until they got a new constitution
Versailles
A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Great Fear of 1789
caused by peasant uprisings, manors of nobles were attacked, records destroyed, many nobles fled to other countries where they became counter-revolutionaries
Bastille
Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.
New Constitution of 1791
Created a government with limited powers: reduced powers of the governor, authorized legislature to meet only once every two years, and set the length of the legislators’ terms; also lowered the salaries of state employees, promised low taxes, and reduced amount of money spent on education; did not grant women suffrage
Reign of Terror
(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for “disloyalty”
Jean-Paul Marat
French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a Martyr
Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
A lawyer by training, emerged during the French Revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as the “Incorruptible”; he dominated the Committee of Public Safety, the executive authority of the Republic. Believed passionately that France needed a complete restructuring, and unleashed a campaign of terror to promote his revolutionary agenda. Sought to eliminate the influence of Christianity in French society by closing churches and forcing priests to take wives; promoted new “cult of reason” as secular alternative to Christianity. Also reorganized the calendar (because of the previous calendar’s Christian roots).
End of the Terror
Finally Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death., he is the last victim of the terror.
Coup d’etat
A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group
Nepoleon Bonaparte
This successful French general became emperor of France, triggering 10 years of war in Europe.
Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)
The articles included equality of all people, freedom of religion, workers were legally subordinate to their employers and unable to strike, workers were required to have small passports, and family was the most important thing besides the state and the individual. It also addressed the legal status of women: women were not equal to men.
Consulate
government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country
How many men did Napoleon take into Russia?
600,000 men
How many times was Napoleon sent into exile?
2 times, Island of Elba and St. Helena
Napoleon died in what year?
May 5, 1821, at St. Helena
Disaster in Russia (1812)
Napoleon and his men went into Russia , When they reached Moscow it was on fire. With the lack of food and supplies they left Russia in the winter. His men froze and starved along the way .
Great Retreat
massive pullback of Napolean’s troops to France after they gave up trying to catch and fight the Russians; most troops died on the way back due to fierce winter storms and temperatures
In 1799 Napoleon headed a new government called the ?
Consulate
Who called a meeting of the Estates-General in 1789?
Louis XVI
The constitution of 1791 set up which form of government?
A limited monarchy
What right did the Third Estate claim in the National Assembly?
to have their votes count as much as the other Estates
Where was Napoleon’s final defeat?
Waterloo in Belgium
Which City was not the center of execution?
Versailles
Why was the French invasion of Russia a Failure?
Brutal weather and Russia’s vast area made victory impossible
What event happened to ended the Reign of Terror?
the execution of Maximilien Robespierre
