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World History > World History Test Review > Flashcards

World History Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

James Cook (1728-1779)

A

British sea captain whose three voyages to the Pacific Ocean greatly expanded European knowledge of the region. Regarded as a great national hero by the British public, he was killed in an altercation with Hawai’ian islanders in 1779.

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2
Q

Francios Viete

A

Understood that you could use letters to stand for numbers

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3
Q

Simon Stevin (1548-1620)

A

decimal numbers and calculations

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4
Q

Ptolemy

A

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)

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5
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

A

Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe, sun was the center of the universe

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6
Q

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

A

Mathematician, developed laws of planetary motion

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7
Q

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

A

Italian astronomer and mathematician. Developed his laws of motion, establishing the study of physics. The first to use a telescope to observe the heavens.

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8
Q

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

A

English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law.

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9
Q

Galen

A

Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200) Dissection

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10
Q

William Harvey (1578-1657)

A

He discovered the circulation of blood through veins and arteries in 1628, and he was the first to explain that the heart worked like a pump. He also explained the function of its muscles and valves.

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11
Q

Robert Boyle

A

Founder of modern chemistry

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12
Q

Margaret Cavendish

A

A unique and groundbreaking woman writer, and the only female philosopher of her time. Belief that humans through science were masters of nature

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13
Q

Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)

A

The most famous of the female astronomers in Germany. Discovered a comet.

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14
Q

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

A
  1. French philosopher and mathematician

2. Father of modern rationalism

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15
Q

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

A

inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth.

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16
Q

John Locke (1632-1704)

A

Believed that all humans had certain Natural rights, rights with which they were born. these included rights to life liberty and property

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17
Q

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science

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18
Q

How many estates were there in France?

A

3 estates

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19
Q

1st Estate:

A

the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes

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20
Q

2nd Estate

A

“The Nobles”—Make up 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in government. Controlled the most wealth.

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21
Q

3rd Estate

A

everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property

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22
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

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23
Q

Universal Law of Gravitation

A

one of Newton’s three rules of motion; it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.

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24
Q

Scientific Method

A

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

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25
Q

Enlightenment

A

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

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26
Q

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

A

French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws (1748). Said “Power checks power” and expressed the idea of separation of powers.

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27
Q

Diderot

A

Wrote the encyclopedia

28
Q

Laissez-faire

A

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy.

29
Q

Catherine the Great

A

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe’s most powerful nations

30
Q

Balthasar Neumann

A

one of the greatest architects of the eighteenth century

31
Q

Mozart

A

a composer from Austria, who was known for classical NEW STYLE. Child prodigy.

32
Q

Hanoverians

A

a new dynasty replacing Stuart line. Protestant rulers of the German state of Hanover offered to rule Britain

33
Q

Federal system

A

the sharing of power between the National and state governments

34
Q

The French Revolution established what?

A

new political order and new social order

35
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

French middle class

36
Q

Louis XVI (16th)

A

King of France during the French Revolution, is executed by the guillotine

37
Q

Marie Antoinette

A

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

38
Q

National Assembly of France

A

Governing body of France that succeeded the Estates-General in 1789 during the French Revolution. It was composed of, and defined by, the delegates of the Third Estate.

39
Q

Tennis Court Oath (1789)

A

3rd estate was locked out of the meeting room so they went to the Tennis Court room and assembled saying that they would not stop gathering until they got a new constitution

40
Q

Versailles

A

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

41
Q

Great Fear of 1789

A

caused by peasant uprisings, manors of nobles were attacked, records destroyed, many nobles fled to other countries where they became counter-revolutionaries

42
Q

Bastille

A

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

43
Q

New Constitution of 1791

A

Created a government with limited powers: reduced powers of the governor, authorized legislature to meet only once every two years, and set the length of the legislators’ terms; also lowered the salaries of state employees, promised low taxes, and reduced amount of money spent on education; did not grant women suffrage

44
Q

Reign of Terror

A

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for “disloyalty”

45
Q

Jean-Paul Marat

A

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a Martyr

46
Q

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

A

A lawyer by training, emerged during the French Revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as the “Incorruptible”; he dominated the Committee of Public Safety, the executive authority of the Republic. Believed passionately that France needed a complete restructuring, and unleashed a campaign of terror to promote his revolutionary agenda. Sought to eliminate the influence of Christianity in French society by closing churches and forcing priests to take wives; promoted new “cult of reason” as secular alternative to Christianity. Also reorganized the calendar (because of the previous calendar’s Christian roots).

47
Q

End of the Terror

A

Finally Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death., he is the last victim of the terror.

48
Q

Coup d’etat

A

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

49
Q

Nepoleon Bonaparte

A

This successful French general became emperor of France, triggering 10 years of war in Europe.

50
Q

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

A

The articles included equality of all people, freedom of religion, workers were legally subordinate to their employers and unable to strike, workers were required to have small passports, and family was the most important thing besides the state and the individual. It also addressed the legal status of women: women were not equal to men.

51
Q

Consulate

A

government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government

52
Q

Nationalism

A

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country

53
Q

How many men did Napoleon take into Russia?

A

600,000 men

54
Q

How many times was Napoleon sent into exile?

A

2 times, Island of Elba and St. Helena

55
Q

Napoleon died in what year?

A

May 5, 1821, at St. Helena

56
Q

Disaster in Russia (1812)

A

Napoleon and his men went into Russia , When they reached Moscow it was on fire. With the lack of food and supplies they left Russia in the winter. His men froze and starved along the way .

57
Q

Great Retreat

A

massive pullback of Napolean’s troops to France after they gave up trying to catch and fight the Russians; most troops died on the way back due to fierce winter storms and temperatures

58
Q

In 1799 Napoleon headed a new government called the ?

A

Consulate

59
Q

Who called a meeting of the Estates-General in 1789?

A

Louis XVI

60
Q

The constitution of 1791 set up which form of government?

A

A limited monarchy

61
Q

What right did the Third Estate claim in the National Assembly?

A

to have their votes count as much as the other Estates

62
Q

Where was Napoleon’s final defeat?

A

Waterloo in Belgium

63
Q

Which City was not the center of execution?

A

Versailles

64
Q

Why was the French invasion of Russia a Failure?

A

Brutal weather and Russia’s vast area made victory impossible

65
Q

What event happened to ended the Reign of Terror?

A

the execution of Maximilien Robespierre

World History (4 decks)

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