World History Flashcards
Bronze Age
3300-1200 BC
New tools = effective farming = specialized labor = advancement in culture
4 great River valleys
Nile River (Africa) Indus River (India) Tigress and Euphrates rivers (Middle East) Yellow River (China) Annual flooding rejuvenates soils Set up for irrigation
Importance of rivers
Irrigation ➡️ more food ➡️ permanent villages ➡️ develop culture
Fertile Crescent
Modern day Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria and parts of Iraq
Egypt
Most successful during Bronze Age
-natural barriers and the Nile
Ancient writing systems
Made to meet religious and economic needs
Egyptians: hieroglyphics
Phoenicians used alphabet that developed into our alphabet which the Greeks added vowels to
Writing and trade/culture
Trade benefited because traders could keep records = increase in trade = more culture mixing
Usefulness of math
Buildings, roads and canals
Laying out buildings
Effects of trade and culture
Diffused ideas which improved lives and cultures
Hebrews
Torah
Monotheism concept
Unification of upper and lower Egypt
3150 BC) by pharaoh Menes
Solidified empire
Allowed it to focus on cultivation of culture, creation of monuments
Egypt government
Family dynasties
Ruled by pharaoh
God kings
Buried in pyramids
Homer
Author of Iliad and odyssey
Sophocles
Playwright of dramas and comedies
Socrates
Father of western philosophy
Plato
Pupil of Socrates
Author of the republic
Influential political scientist
Aristotle
Pupil of Plato
Influenced philosophers of Renaissance to today
Tutor of Alexander the Great
Thucydides
Authored accounts of peloponnesian war and battles between Athens and Sparta
Pythagoras
Architect of geometry
Pythagorean theorem
Euclid
Father of geometry
Alexander the Great
Best military commander in history
Conquered known world in 12 years
Spread Hellenistic culture
Died at 33
Greece physical region
Mountainous land = poor farming and no River system ➡️ sea for their economy
Abundance of natural harbors = protection for their ships
Prominent sea traders = spread culture
Greek city state
Isolation of terrain lead to city states
Citizens loyal to city state then to Greece
Allowed democracy to flourish
Athens
Golden age took place in Athens in 450 BC
Leadership of Pericles
Created monuments (Acropolis)
Most technologically advanced
Roman Empire
Formed in late 200 BC
Republic to dominate empire in 2 centuries
Influenced by Greece
Romes contribution to western society
Organized central government
Written laws
Creation of army
Latin language
Rise of Rome
Victory in the Punic wars against the Phoenicians
44 BC Julius Caesar named emperor of Rome
Augustus filled seat after assassination
Marked beginning of empirical reign
Fall of Rome
Contributed to: Decline in loyalty of army Invasion of Germanic tribes (vandals) Inefficiency of government Split into two empires -west fell in 476 -east fell in 1453 when Muslims took control
Catholicism and Rome
Under rule of Constantine adopted Christianity as its religion
Solidified influence and importance of Christianity
Developed Catholic Church as a governing body
Asia climate
Dominated by monsoon
Spring and summer was agriculture
Winter was making clothes and other indoor activities
Indian religions
Buddhism and Hinduism
Buddhism
Founded by siddhaetha Gautama
Born into upper class family
Shunned all possessions and began seeking answers
Renunciation of worldly desires
Reach enlightenment
4 sufferings
Spread through Southeast Asia, Tibetan China and Japan
Hinduism
Vedas
Caste system in India
-individual can move up and down depending on their works in their first life
Contribution of Egypt
Math
Written language
Advancement in agriculture and military strategies
Creation of great pyramid
Contribution of Hebrews
Torah
Idea of monotheism
Contributions of Mesopotamia
Fields of math and govt
Laid ground works for political science
Contribution of Greeks
Math Govt Philosophy Architecture Naval technology
Contributions of Rome
Military technology
Political science: structure of govt provided framework for founding fathers
Architecture
Language: Latin foundation for all languages
Establishment of Catholic Church
Dark ages
600 to 1000 AD: dark ages
Loss of culture in Europe
Middle East began to make advances
Europe was rural and uneducated
Charlemagne
Charles the great united Christian lands in a military conquest 800 AD
Frankish lands (excluded Spain)
encouraged education and building of libraries
Forced people to convert to Christianity
Conquer of British isles
1066 AD
Normans ( French) invaded British isle
William the conqueror was successful over King Harold 2
Increased link between Britain and Europe
Mohammed
622 AD
born in Mecca
Founded Islam: submission to the will of God
Spread religion because they were peop,e of trade
Religious army spread religion through Middle East, North Africa to Spain, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Koran
Genghis khan
Desert nomadic people of Mongolia
Conquered China to Eastern Europe
Invented saddles with stirrups
Control movement of horses so they could use their newly invented crossbow
Decline of Mongols
Overreached their capacity of land they could control
Retreated to China where power still declines
Silk Road
China to Eastern Europe
Jade, silk and spices ↔️ wool, silver and gold
Concept of paper, gunpowder and compass infiltrated Europe
- influential in closing dark ages and establishing larger nations
Catalyst of Renaissance
Feudal system
As cities declined and poor arise ➡️ nobles offered care which turned to feudal system
Divided by class
Feudal lords ➡️ Knights️️️️️️️ ➡️ serfs
Nobles made laws, levied taxes and justice
Manor was self sufficient
Production was low and trade disappeared
Catholic Church and medieval Europe
Supreme in religious matters and influenced nobility
Power enforced by excommunication
Operated schools, hospitals, aid to poor, forbade interest on loan (usury)
Form of government
Catholic Church split
1054 AD church of eastern Roman Empire formed the Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek)
Latin was used in western Roman Catholic Church
Powerful in 1600s with reformation
Life during Middle Ages
Age of faith Superstition Education declined Church collected tithe Monks lived cloistered and copied old Greek manuscript
Crusades
Recover holy lands from Muslims
1095 ad (200 years)
Constantinople feared advancement of Muslims
Asked Roman church for help
Pope urban II called for holy war
1099 capture Jerusalem
All lands capture captured by Christians were regained by Muslims later
Crusades and trade
Crusaders brought back Arab stuff Demand in Europe increased = trade Trade caused: Towns to revive Merchant class to arise Serfs to seek better lives Weakened feudalism
Effects of crusades
Revitalized European economy and culture By: Trade New knowledge from Arabs Started Renaissance Societal reforms in Europe
100 years war
France and Britain
1337
The plague
1348-1350
Black Death killed 30-60 percent of people
Trade ships with infected rodents
Destructive due to sanitary conditions
Renaissance
14th and 15th century
Rebirth
Philosophical and artistic movement started in northern Italy
Renewed interest in Greece and Rome
Medici family (bankers) grew rich from trade and sponsored art
Effects of Renaissance
Founding of universities
Reduced belief in church
Printing press ➡️ education to lower classes
Economy based on specialization of labor
Nautical advancements ➡️ age of exploration
Reformation cause
1500s
Catholic Church selling indulgences
Martin luthiers 95 theses
95 grievances against Catholic Church 1517
Led to Protestant reformation
Effect of reformation
Weakening power of Catholic Church Catholic Church reformation Government leaders began to become Protestant Divided Europe into religious sects Power of states increased Loyalty to govt rather than religion Strong growth in nationalism
Johannesburg Gutenberg
Inventor of printing press 1450
Gutenberg bible
Rise of democracy
Jury system Manga Carta English common law Model parliament: tax wealthy land owners Election of parliment
English revolution 1642
Presbyterian puritans (Roundheads) vs. nobility including King Charles (cavaliers)
Ending with beheading of Charles and establishment of republican govt: common Wealth of England
Oliver Cromwell leader
Monarch was reinstated as a parliamentary monarch
Glorious revolution of 1688
Parliment offered crown to William and Mary of holland
Parliment affirmed power of over monarch
Bill of rights and toleration art granted freedom of worship
French Revolution of 1789
Bourgeoise led fight
Ideas from Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire
Goal: separation of powers
Stormed Bastille and ended with Ascension of Napoleon
First republic killed King and queen
Importance: establishment of democratic ideals
France pre revolution
Class system called estates
- third estate: 97 percent of population and paid the taxes
Effect of democracy system
People seeking freedom look at revolutions for solutions
People have the right to change govt and have a say
Napoleon
Considered military tenuous
Rise to power because of coup detat
Significance:
-centralization of local govt, improvement in education, public works programs, organization of bank of France
Downfall of Napoleon
Harsh winters in Russia led to downfall
Defeated in battle of Waterloo by British
Died in exile
Impact of Napoleon on the world
Abolished old empires Created new empires (unification of Germany) Spread idea of French equality Ended feudalism Modernized banking Improved public education Spirit of nationalism First modern dictator Death and destruction in much of Europe
