World Englishes

Question 1

Lingua Franca

Answer 1

This refers to a language that speakers have a common, where it is no one’s first language

Question 2

Pidgin

Answer 2

A simplified speech used for communication by people who speak different languages

Question 3

Creole

Answer 3

A language that forms as the blend of two or more languages. This most widely known creole is Haitian Creole

Question 4

Schneider’s Dynamic Model

Answer 4

•he illustrated how varieties of English become established in an area through colonialisation
•he suggested 5 phrases of this becoming native : Foundation phase, Exornomative stabilisation, Nativisation phase, Endormative stabilisation phase, Differentiation stage.

Question 5

Schneider’s Dynamic Model - Foundation Phase

Answer 5

•English appears in a new territory due to colonial expansion and trade
•in early stages bilingualism is slow and mostly limited to some borrowing to aid simple communication
•It also might be a reason why English didn’t stick and some did

Question 6

Schneider’s Dynamic Model - Exornomative stablisation

Answer 6

•English begins to be used modelled by the ‘exo’ standard from Britain
•politically dominant country determines linguistic behaviour - English is established as the language of admistration, law and education

Question 7

Nativisation phase

Answer 7

•old and new language become closely linked due to relationships both social and business relationships
•inter-ethnic contact increase and a new variety of English develops the invaded speaker often adopt to local forms but the traditionist English only adopt a few words

Question 8

What did University of Sheffield find in a 2024 study

Answer 8

The Welsh accent took top spot for the most relaxing accent in the UK

Question 9

What is Acrolet

Answer 9

It is used to refer to a standard or official language in context where creole is spoken

Question 10

Basilect

Answer 10

It refers to extreme, referring to the most informal style that speakers use

Question 11

What is Mesolect

Answer 11

It is a middle style of language between standard and colloquial varieties

Question 12

What is Diaspora

Answer 12

This is dispersal or spreading from a central point

Question 13

Jurgen Beneke

Answer 13

“Approximately 80% of interactions in English are non-native”

Question 14

Leith

Answer 14

Only a few lexical terms such as ‘skunk’ and ‘cougar’ came from Native Americans

Question 15

Singlis

Answer 15

•Singaporean government started a Speak Good English Campaign, but it didn’t work
• It regarded has having low prestige and being slang or broken

Question 16

Singlis

Answer 16

•Singaporean government started a Speak Good English Campaign, but it didn’t work
• It regarded has having low prestige and being slang or broken

Question 17

Jennifer Jenkins - Characteristics of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)

Answer 17

•It is used by speakers of different languages, allowing them to communicate with each other.
• ELF may include innovation that might characterise local varieties of English as well as ‘correct’ English
• Code-switching is seen as useful strategy in ELF.

Question 18

Robert Phillipson

Answer 18

•argued that the spread of English as a global language disadvantage other languages cause them to lose prestige or die out.

Question 19

David Crystal- World Englishes

Answer 19

•”if a community wishes its way of speaking to be considered a ‘language’, and if they have the political power to support their decisions,who would be able to stop them doing so”
•When a language arrives in a new country or place, the speaker adopts it and then adapts it.