Child Language Acquisition Flashcards
Key Words
Order of precedence
The order in which male and female terms are placed in a pairing
Proto Word
These are made up words-like vocalisation that are used to by children to represent a word they can’t pronounce
Phonemic Expansion
This is when the number of phonemes produced increases (this happens during the babbling stage)
Phonemic Contractions
This is when the child narrows the range of phonemes to the one found in their native language
Phoneme
This is the smallest unit of sounds
Babbling
A stage of early language acquisition when a baby makes consonant-vowel or vowel-consonant sounds
at 6 months
Rhythm
This is the beat a language has
Intonation
This the melody or music of a language
Overextension
When a child uses a word to refer to multiple categories e.g every four-legged animal as ‘dog’
Under-extension
A child doesn’t use a word enough for particular cases
Consonant cluster
group of consonants with no vowels in-between
Diagraph
Two letters that combine together but make one sound
Graphemes
Letters in a language
Bilabial
A sound that is formed by the closure of the lips e.g ‘b’ ‘p’
Labio-dental
Consonants that are articulated with the lips and teeth
Assimilation
Changing consonant or vowel sound for another sound, usually the first plosives like ‘d’ ‘b’ the child would say ‘gog’ for ‘dog’
Addition
Adding an extra sound to the end of words
Substitution
Substituting hard sounds with easier sounds
Reduplication
Repeating a whole syllable e.g ‘hammy’ for ‘ham’
Phonemic Deletion
This is usually the first consonant may be dropped
Deletion of unstressed syllable
Omitting unstressed syllable in words
Consonant cluster reduction
A consonant cluster can be hard to articulate so children reduce them to smaller units e.g ‘pider’ for ‘spider’
Holophrastic stage
This is when a child only uses one word to denote meaning. e.g ‘fish’
(between 12-18 months)
Two-word stage
This is when a child starts to use two words only to communicate e.g ‘mummy up’
(between 18-24 months)
Telegraphic stage
This is when a child’s sentences/utterances gradually get longer, and the sentences they produce make sense but are not grammatically right e.g ‘this coat all wet’
(between 2-3 years)
Post-telegraphic
This is when a child’s utterances starts to resemble adult speech and they start to use complex language.
(3+ years)
Exaggerating Prosodic Cues
This is when you use exaggerated intonation patterns and slightly higher frequencies, greater pitch variation
Recasting
Phrasing sentences in different ways, eg. making it a question.
Echoing
repeating what a child said
Expansion
Restating what a child said in a more linguistically sophisticated form
Monopthongs
Vowels with one sound
Expatiation
Expanding further on the word by giving more information
Sociodramatic
In play, children adopt roles and identities acting out storylines and inventing object and settings, whilst practicing social interaction with clear rules and reflecting the world behaviour
Mc Gillion et al
They found that babies who babble and have two stable consonants at an earlier age also start to use words at an earlier age
Piaget
He suggested there 4 stages to cognitive development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete stage and Formal Operational.
Sensorimotor stage
• At 2yrs
• they know the world through movement e.g sucking.
They learn crawling and walking this stage
Preoperational
• 2to 7yrs
•Learn words and pictures
•They are egocentric and can skillfully play pretend
Concrete stage
•7 to 11yrs
•Their egocentrism starts to stop, and they learn people’s feelings
•They start to think logically
Formal operational stage
•12 and up
•They start to think morally, philosophically, ethical, and socially
Adjacency Pairs
Adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers
