World English Theory

Question 1

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a first language?

Answer 1

An L1 country.

Question 2

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a second or foreign language?

Answer 2

An L2 country

Question 3

One of the reasons why English is so widespread is because it was the language of The British _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 3

Empire

Question 4

What does ‘Lingua Franca’ mean?

Answer 4

A trading or contact language between many groups who don’t speak the same language.

Question 5

Although English is spoken all over the world, the kind of English spoken is not necessarily the same as the English in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or the same as in other countries.

Answer 5

Britain

Question 6

Linguists now often speak about Global _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rather than Global English as there are many different varieties of English around the world.

Answer 6

Englishes

Question 7

What does ‘airdash’ mean in India?

Answer 7

To take a sudden plane journey in response to an emergency

Question 8

What is a ‘matrimonial’ in India?

Answer 8

A newspaper advert seeking marriage

Question 9

What does the ‘chicken business’ mean in Singapore?

Answer 9

Prostitution

Question 10

What does ‘by eyepower’ mean in Singapore?

Answer 10

Without effort or lazily

Question 11

What does ‘treadies’ mean in South Africa?

Answer 11

Trainers

Question 12

What does ‘Min Ral’ mean in South Africa?

Answer 12

Fizzy drinks

Question 13

What is the name of Braj Kachru’s model?

Answer 13

Three Circles Model

Question 14

Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a first language (L1)

Answer 14

The Inner Circle

Question 15

Kachru said that L1 countries act as ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘

Answer 15

Providers

Question 16

L1 countries provide the standard against which all other kinds of English are?

Answer 16

Judged

Question 17

UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

Answer 17

L1

Question 18

Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a second language (L2)

Answer 18

Outer Circle

Question 19

Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

Answer 19

L2

Question 20

Kachru said that L2 countries, such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’

Answer 20

Developing

Question 21

Norm Developing countries such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are develop their own _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.

Answer 21

Distinct

Question 22

In the expanding circle, why is English used?

Answer 22

To communicate for purposes of business, politics and education

Question 23

In which circle is English used for practical reasons and not for ‘cultural integration.’ (i.e. people don’t chat in it or write fiction or drama in it.)

Answer 23

The Expanding Circle

Question 24

What do Canadians call a public toilet?

Answer 24

‘washroom’

Question 25

Countries in the Outer Circle are norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 25

Dependent

Question 26

Countries in which circle rely on Inner Circle Englishes to tell them what is right and wrong.

Answer 26

Expanding Circle

Question 27

How do Canadians spell 'colour'

Answer 27

colour with a 'u'

Question 28

How do Canadians spell 'criticise'?

Answer 28

Criticize with a 'z'

Question 29

In Canadian English, 'Mary and '_ _ _ _ _ ' are homophones

Answer 29

Marry

Question 30

In Canadian English, 'lager' and '_ _ _ _ _ _ ' are homophones

Answer 30

Logger

Question 31

Which sound do Canadian English tend to use in the word 'car park.'

Answer 31

The non-prevocalic /r/

Question 32

How do Canadians pronounce 'new'

Answer 32

nju:

Question 33

Instead of petrol, Canadians say _ _ _

Answer 33

Gas

Question 34

Instead of nappy, Canadians instead say d _ _ _ _ _

Answer 34

Diaper

Question 35

What do Canadians call a mobile?

Answer 35

Cell phone

Question 36

What do Canadians call a public toilet?

Answer 36

A washroom

Question 37

What do Canadians call a 'queue'

Answer 37

A line-up

Question 38

Canadians tend to put the adverbial 'as well' where in the sentence?

Answer 38

At the start of a sentence as in 'As well I'll go to the shop.'

Question 39

In Canadian English, 'Yiz' is a second person _ _ _ _ _ _ personal pronoun

Answer 39

Plural

Question 40

Canadians us 'eh' as what? e.g. 'Nice day, eh.'

Answer 40

As a tag question

Question 41

British English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

Answer 41

Stress

Question 42

Indian English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

Answer 42

Syllable

Question 43

A stress-timed language is when you stress the most important syllables in an utterance and _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ the rest

Answer 43

De-stress

Question 44

Indian English tends to stress all of it syllables _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 44

Equally

Question 45

What does 'achaa' mean in Indian English?

Answer 45

Good

Question 46

What does 'bas' mean in Indian English?

Answer 46

Stop

Question 47

What does 'yaar' mean in Indian English?

Answer 47

Friend

Question 48

In Indian English, compound words using 'w _ _ _ _ _ ' meaning 'person associated with' are very common eg 'governmentw _ _ _ _ _ '

Answer 48

Wallah - Governmentwallah (person associated with the government)

Question 49

What is the term we use for the following examples: 'I am knowing this' instead of 'I know this' or 'I am loving you' instead of 'I love you'

Answer 49

Progressive aspect

Question 50

In Indian English, it is common to say "what she has done" instead of "what has she done" - what do we call this?

Answer 50

'Wh' interrogatives do not use inversion.

Question 51

In Indian English, they commonly use which word as a tag question?

Answer 51

'no' - e.g. You're going home, no?

Question 52

In Indian English, it is common to change words that start with a 'w' to a 'v' e.g. 'vhat are you doing.' - What do we call this?

Answer 52

v-w merging

Question 53

What is a lingua franca?

Answer 53

A trading or contact language, between groups of people who don't have a language in common.

Question 54

What is the name of the theorist who identified the 'dynamic model?

Answer 54

Edgar Schneider

Question 55

The 'foundation' stage in Schneider's dynamic model explains how English is brought to a new territory by a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ group

Answer 55

Powerful

Question 56

The 'Exonormative Stabilisation' stage in Schneider's dynamic model explains how the _ _ _ _ _ in the territory become bilingual using Standard English.

Answer 56

Elite

Question 57

The 'N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ' stage, in Schneider's Dynamic Model, is when the influence of Britain (or other English speaking country) weakens

Answer 57

Nativisation

Question 58

The 'Endonormative Stabilisation' stage in Schneider's Dynamic Model, is when the new territory gains what?

Answer 58

Independence

Question 59

'D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _' in Schneider's Dynamic Model, is when the new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory

Answer 59

Differentiation