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3. English Language > Gender Theory > Flashcards

Gender Theory Flashcards

Paper 2 Section A Revision

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1
Q

What is the name of Lakoff’s model?

A

The Deference Model

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2
Q

What did Lakoff say about Women’s Language?

A

That there are 10 features specific to it

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3
Q

What are the 10 features in Lakoff’s Deference Model?

A

Hedges, superpolitness, hypercorrectness, tag questions, speaking in italics, empty adjectives, use of implication, special lexicon, question intonation, no sense of humour

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4
Q

Who criticised Lakoff?

A

Dubois and Crouch

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5
Q

What did Dubois and Crouch find in their criticism?

A

Men use more tag questions. However, these tags are not used to try and gain support and are used instead to maintain discussion or be polite and show cooperation

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6
Q

The Dominance Model is a response to which model?

A

The Deference Model

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7
Q

The Dominance Model states that men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when talking to women in order to?

A

undermine and dominate them.

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8
Q

Zimmerman and West looked at dominance through?

A

Turn taking

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9
Q

Which two irregularities in turn taking did Zimmerman and West look at?

A

Overlaps and Interruptions

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10
Q

Overlaps are very close to the?

A

TRP (Transactional Relevance Point)

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11
Q

Interruptions are seen as v _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the turn taking process

A

Violations

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12
Q

Interruptions are not near the?

A

TRP

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13
Q

Interruptions are far more common in which gender?

A

Men

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14
Q

Who criticised Zimmerman and West?

A

Beattie

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15
Q

What did Beattie say about the size of the data sample?

A

It was very small

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16
Q

What did Beattie challenge Zimmerman and West’s interpretation of?

A

Interruptions

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17
Q

Who else criticised Zimmerman and West?

A

Eakens and Eakens

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18
Q

Eakens and Eakens found that _ _ _ _ _ _ as well as gender determined whether someone would get interrupted or not

A

status

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19
Q

Eakens and Eakens found that there was a “h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ preference” as people of a higher status were not interrupted as much

A

Hierarchal

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20
Q

Why are minimal responses used?

A

To show active participation in a conversation

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21
Q

Which type of minimal response did Zimmerman and West identify in their study?

A

Delayed Minimal Response

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22
Q

Delayed Minimal Reponses are when a speaker gives a minimal response at the appropriate point but only after a

A

Pause

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23
Q

Delayed minimal responses show that a listener is demonstrating a lack of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for the conversation.

A

interest and enthusiasm

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24
Q

Fishman noted that women used the tag question ‘y’know’ how many times more than men?

A

5 times

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25
Q

Fishman claimed that tag questions such as ‘y’know’ are used as an attempt by the woman speaking to stimulate a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from her male interlocutor.

A

response

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26
Q

Janet Holmes identified two types of tag questions. What are they?

A

Speaker-orientated and addressee-orientated

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27
Q

Speaker-orientated tags are used for the benefit of whom?

A

The speaker

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28
Q

Addressee-orientated tags are used for the benefit of whom?

A

The listener

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29
Q

What did Janet Holmes’s study find that is contrary to Lakoff’s claims?

A

That men and women use the same number of tags

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30
Q

What is the name of the theorist who found that women introduce more topics than men?

A

Victoria DeFransisco

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31
Q

What did DeFransisco say that women did in order to keep their conversations going?

A

Work harder

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32
Q

DeFransisco said that women are less successful at getting their conversation?

A

Accepted

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33
Q

DeFransisco said that women undertake ‘C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and adapt their conversations to help men.

A

‘Conversational Shitwork’

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34
Q

De Francisco claimed that male silence and i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is used to control conversation.

A

inexpressiveness

35
Q

Helena Leet-Pelligrini discovered that gender and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are both good predictors of conversation dominance.

A

expertise

36
Q

Leet-Pelligrini said that male experts are the _ _ _ _ verbose

A

most

37
Q

Leet-Pelligrini said that female non-experts are the _ _ _ _ _ verbose

A

least

38
Q

The Difference Model states that men and women use language for different?

A

purposes

39
Q

Tannen said that men and women’s language is different because of differences in upbringing and social _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

conditioning

40
Q

According to Tannen, women’s conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is used to establish and maintain relationships.

A

rapport

41
Q

According to Tannen, men’s conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is predominantly used to give information.

A

report

42
Q

In The Different Model women are seen to be conditioned or socialised into seeing talk as ‘the _ _ _ _ that holds relationships together’.

A

glue

43
Q

What is the binary opposite of the following: Status v _________

A

support

44
Q

What is the binary opposite of the following: Independence v _________

A

Intimacy

45
Q

What is the binary opposite of the following: advice v __________

A

understanding

46
Q

What is the binary opposite of the following: information v __________

A

Feelings

47
Q

What is the binary opposite of the following: orders v __________

A

Proposals

48
Q

Tannen identified two kinds of Turn Violations. Name them.

A

Uncooperative Overlaps and Cooperative Overlaps

49
Q

Tannen states that Co-operative overlaps are a sign of “ H _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ speakers.”

A

high involvement

50
Q

Anna Bodine claimed that language is ‘A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘

A

Androcentric

51
Q

Anne Bodine said that language favours which gender?

A

Men

52
Q

Anne Bodine said that in speech, women are judged by?

A

Male standards

53
Q

Deborah Jones claims that women’s talk falls into one of four categories. Name the four categories

A

House Talk Chatting Bitching Scandal

54
Q

What is the name of Jane Pilkington’s study?

A

The Bakery Study

55
Q

What did Jane Pilkington study in a bakery for 9 months?

A

same-sex conversations

56
Q

Pilkington found that women use talk to affirm what?

A

Solidarity

57
Q

How often do women agree with each other in Pilkington’s study?

A

Frequently

58
Q

Pilkington found that men find long pauses _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Acceptable

59
Q

Carmen Fought said that girls and young women popularise vocal trends and slang, and use embellishments in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ways.

A

sophisticated

60
Q

Carmen Fought said that “If women do something like uptalk or vocal fry, it’s immediately interpreted as insecure, emotional or even stupid. The truth is this: Young women take linguistic features and use them as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for building relationships.”

A

power tools

61
Q

Koenraad Kuiper found that in all-male talk amongst members of a rugby team, men were likely to pay less attention to the need to save face and instead use i _ _ _ _ _ _ as a way of expressing s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

insults solidarity

62
Q

In Kuiper’s Changing Room Study, what happened to those who showed that they were angered or hurt by the insults?

A

They were ostracised by the group

63
Q

The Diversity Model opposes ideas of “biological d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ “

A

determinism

64
Q

According to the Diversity Model, what is language influenced by?

A

The roles we play in society and the way we interact socially with others.

65
Q

What is the name of Janet Hyde’s Hypothesis?

A

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

66
Q

What does Janet Hyde claim in her hypothesis?

A

That there are far more similarities between female and male speech than differences.

67
Q

What did O’Barr and Atkins discover in their Courtroom Study?

A

that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but of being powerless.

68
Q

What is the name of O’Barr and Atkins’s Study?

A

The Courtroom Study

69
Q

O’Barr and Atkins discovered that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but are a result of being _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Powerless

70
Q

O’Barr and Atkins suggested that the features described by Lakoff as ‘Women’s Language’ should be re-named to?

A

Powerless Language

71
Q

Deborah Cameron argues that sex difference in language is a _ _ _

A

myth

72
Q

Cameron argues that women speak more because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ means more to women

A

communication

73
Q

Cameron argues that men use language competitively to gain

A

status

74
Q

Cameron argues that men and women talk so differently that m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often arises between the sexes

A

miscommunication

75
Q

Cameron argues that language is a p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

peformance

76
Q

Cameron used the phrase v _ _ _ _ _ h _ _ _ _ _ _ to refer to the ways in which people regulate their language and communication to conform to social expectations and norms.

A

‘verbal hygiene’

77
Q

Butler say that gender is not linked to biology. Instead, it is a series of r _ _ _ _ _ a _ _ _ that imitate expected gender roles and norms that we repeat constantly.

A

Ritual Acts

78
Q

Butler believes that _ _ _ _ _ _ is constructed through language, not the other way round

A

Gender

79
Q

Butler claims that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ performances expose the performative nature of femininity

A

Drag Queen

80
Q

In drag, men perform the gender norms we expect of women. They show that behaviour that seems natural and linked to biology is, in fact a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ determined performance.

A

Socially

81
Q

In imitating gender, drag reveals the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ structure of gender itself.

A

imitative

82
Q

Baxter researched the relationship between language, gender and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the workplace.

A

Leadership

83
Q

Baxter claimed that women are as capable as men of being powerful and can also use language to maintain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Dominance

84
Q

Cameron believes that any noticeable language differences in gender are because of the e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ placed on us by society and not because of biological.

A

expectations

3. English Language (9 decks)

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