World Civ 1500 Exam 3 (Lessons 13-18) Flashcards
Date of Buddhism begins rapid growth in China
Growth of Buddhism in China in the Six Dynasties Period (A.D. 220-589) Buddhism developed and spread rapidly in the chaos of the Six Dynasties Period (A.D. 220-589) that followed the collapse of the Han dynasty in A.D. 220.
Date of Edict of Milan
February 313
Constantine
Constantine the Great, also known as Constantine I, was a Roman Emperor who ruled between 306 and 337 AD
Council of Nicaea
The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325. This ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom.
Dura Europos
Dura-Europos, also spelled Dura-Europus, was a Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman border city built on an escarpment 90 metres above the right bank of the Euphrates river. It is located near the village of Salhiyé, in today’s Syria.
Gathas
The Gathas are 17 Avestan hymns believed to have been composed by Zarathusthra himself. They form the core of the Zoroastrian liturgy.
Globalization
Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.
Jewish diaspora
The Jewish diaspora or exile refers to the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancestral homeland and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe
Manichaeism
Manichæism was a major religion founded by the Iranian prophet Mani in the Sasanian Empire. Manichaeism taught an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
Torah
the first five books of the 24 books of the Tanakh. This is commonly known as the Written Tora
Zoroastrianism
a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster in the 6th century BC.
Date of Byzantine Empire
330-1453 CE
date of Odoacer deposes the last Roman emperor in the West
476 CE
date of Reign of Justinian
527-565 CE
What regions did the Byzantine Empire control?
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Constantine I founded its capital at Constantinople, and the size of the Empire varied over the centuries since it had territories located in Italy, Greece, the Balkans, Levant, Asia Minor, and North Africa
Where is Constantinople?
Istanbul
Where did the Germanic peoples come from, and where did they settle?
The Germanic peoples at the time inhabited southern Scandinavia and the Northern Sea and Baltic coasts from modern-day Netherlands to the Vistula. As this population grew, it migrated south-west, into coastal floodplains due to the exhaustion of the soil in its original settlements.
Byzantine Empire
(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Unified by Roman Heritage, Christianity, and Constantine himself.
Caesaropapism
Where the emperor becomes the head of the church. Came about because of Constantine.
Celts
Barbaric group of People sharing a common language and culture who lived north of the Roman Empire; spoke a Celtic language
Constantinople
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
Germanic invasions
Germanic tribes invaded the Roman Empire because they were pressured to do so by Asiatic people like the HUNS. Their conquest had several negative effects on the Empire
Germans
Barbaric group of people who lived north of the Roman Empire; spoke a Germanic language
Justinian
Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; also helped expand empire into North Africa
Justinian’s Code
Multipart collection of laws and legal commentary issued in the sixth century by the emperor Justinian.
Monasticism
A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith
Orthodox Church
A religion for the entire population; Another name for the Eastern Christian Church, over which emperors continued to have power.
Saint Germain/Germanus of Auxerre
A Roman citizen who served in the military and eventually became a bishop. He led a group of British soldiers against some Saxons during a trip to Britain to deal with some heretics.
The Byzantine Empire was the only classical empire that survived into the postclassical period. Why did it survive when all the others did not?
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They were able to have military and border control, control of the nobles, and control of the church. They were also able to stabilize the economy and supply food for all their citizens. A growing cultural identity and social unity helped as well.
What role did the Germanic tribes play in the fall of the Roman Empire?
They settled in Roman lands, intermarried with Roman citizens to inherit land, and defeated Roman armies.
Describe the version of Christianity practiced in the Byzantine Empire.
The 3 P’s: Poor, population, preaching.
Give to the poor; for entire population; emphasized missionary work; established monasteries and monks and brought Christianity to the world; translated the scriptures in multiple languages.
date of Abbasid caliphate
750-1258 CE
date of Life of Muhammad
570-632 CE
Where is Mecca?
Saudi Arabia
What regions of the world did the Arab-Islamic Empire conquer?
Arabia. Greater Syria. Palestine. Persia and the Caucasus. Central Asia. Turkey. Indian subcontinent. Southeast Asia.
Abbasid dynasty/caliphate
Borrowed heavily from Persian culture; caliphs claimed to rule by divine right; used slaves as soldiers.
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty; became a trading center for textiles, slaves, and foodstuffs; became a center for the study and practice of medicine.
Bedouins
Nomadic pastoralist tribe; The most important political and military force in the region though small in number; supported themselves by raiding caravans en route to Mecca; virtually invisible on the archaeological record; they loved poetry which was built into the culture and language
Five Pillars of Islam
FaPFAP
Declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and the pilgrimage to Mecca.
Hijra
The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam
Jihad
Principle of Islam; A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal
Ka’ba
A temple containing a black stone thought to be god’s dwelling place
Madrasas
Advanced schools specializing in philosophy, logic, geometry, astronomy, law, and medicine.
Mecca
Most important city in the peninsula; based primarily on trade; Said to be the place where Ishmael (son of Abraham) settled; considered to be a holy city; home of the Ka’ba, a sanctuary containing a sacred black stone that was said to have fallen from heaven; Muhammad was born here.
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated to escape persecution in Mecca. They eventually took over the city.
Muhammad
At the age of 40, he had a vision of an angelic being who commanded him to preach the revelations that God would be sending him;
Qur’an
The sacred book of Islam
Sassanid Empire
the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years before the Arab caliphate took it down
Shi’ites
Also known as Shi’a, these were the followers of Ali
Sufis
Muslim Mystics; They were a reaction against the growth of erudite scholars of Islam who interpreted the Qu’ran and applied it to bureaucratic and legal systems; more interested in the spiritual aspects of Islam;
Sunnis
Members of the larger of the two main divisions of Islam; the division between Sunnis and Shi’ites began in a dispute about succession to Muhammad, but over time many differences in theology developed.
Turks
Turkic speakers, first appearing in Mongolia, they were a nomadic group who brought badly needed military strength to the Islamic world; they became staunch Sunnis
Umayyad dynasty/caliphate
disliked by shia, non-arabs dicriminated against, luxurious lifestyle of the royal court (gets overthrown); Society was hierarchical
Umma
A community of people who share a religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie.
What are the tenets of Islam?
(The five pillars of Islam)
The basic tenets of the Islamic faith; they include reciting a profession of faith in God and in Muhammad as God’s prophet, praying five times daily, fasting and praying during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in one’s lifetime, and contributing alms to the poor.
Islam condemns alcoholic beverages and gambling.
What parts of the world were incorporated into the Arab-Islamic Empire? Why did Islam spread so rapidly?
Arabs’ military advantages and the political weaknesses of their opponents.
What were the effects of Islamic conquests?
Increased trade; increased peace and stability; better roads, fewer nomadic bands attacking trade caravans, and more demand for trade goods; dominance of the Arabic language.
What effects did Islam have on women?
The Qur’an called for more equality between men and women; improved the public status of women and gave them more control over property;
Date of Kingdom of Ghana
900-1100 CE
date of the Kingdom of Mali
1200-1450 CE
date of Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca
1324-1325 CE
date of Travels of Ibn Battuta
1325-1354 CE
Where was Ibn Battuta from, and where did he travel to?
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. He had a thirst for adventure and loved to travel.
Where did the Berbers live?
The Berbers live in scattered communities across Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania.
Where was the Malian Empire?
The Empire of Mali was located in Western Africa. It grew up along the Niger River
Where was Kilwa?
Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an Indian Ocean island off the southern coast of present-day Tanzania in eastern Africa.
Where was Great Zimbabwe?
Great Zimbabwe is a now ruined city near Masvingo, central Zimbabwe
Berbers
North African peoples who controlled the caravan trade between the Mediterranean and the Sudan; developed the saddle for a camel; dominated the desert and got protection money from caravans in exchange for a safe trip.
Cordova
The cultural and administrative center of Islamic Spain; books used paper instead of animal skin; It was here that the process of manufacturing crystal was invented;
East African City-States
There were 40 city states, they were mainly ports, and they traded slaves, rhino horn, and ivory. An important city mentioned was Kilwa.
Great Zimbabwe
A ruined South African city discovered by a German explorer in 1871; it is considered the most powerful monument south of the Nile Valley and Ethiopian highlands. The region contained gold as well.
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. He had a thirst for adventure and loved to travel.
Kingdom of Ghana
a kingdom and its rulers grew rich by taxing the goods that traders carried through their territory; Not all the people converted to Islam, but they didn’t have problems with each other.
Kingdom of Mali
a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries. Rulers converted to Islam
Mansa Musa
King of Mali, and Africa’s most famous ruler; controlled the trans-Saharan trade; was a devout Muslim
Trans-Saharan trade
3 Ways it effected West African Society:
- Stimulated Gold Mining
- Increased demand for slaves
- Stimulated the development of urban centers
Why and how did Islam become such a prevalent religion in Africa in this period?
They did it to protect themselves from Berber attacks. Converting to Islam prevented them from being attacked. And Islam spread primarily through trade.
What were the effects of Islam on African societies in West Africa? East Africa? North Africa? Be sure to note the differences between the three regions.
West: Written Documents; manufacturing of bricks; the increased gold trade that came about because of the new connections to the larger Islamic world had a big influence on these societies, and it sped up the development of kingdoms
East:Government administration converted to Islam; mosques and schools were built;
North:
It became the public religion and religion of the state; Mosques replaced Christian churches all over the region.
What were the major kingdoms and states in Africa during this period?
Iberia, Ghana, Kilwa, Timbuktu
How did African people participate in globalization? What were the limits to that participation?
The slave trade. They were limited by their number because of diseases.
date of Song dynasty
960-1279 CE
date of Song loss of north China to the Jurchen
1126 CE
date of Sui dynasty
581-618 CE
date of Tang dynasty
618-907 CE
Where are the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers?
China
Two great rivers run through China Proper: the Yellow River in the north, and the Yangtze (or Yangzi ) River to the south.
What territory did the Tang dynasty cover?
North and south China and neighboring East Asian states such as those in Japan and Korea.
What territory was conquered by the Jurchen?
Liao empire of the Khitan and parts of Song China
Champa rice
Quick-maturing, drought-resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season. And it would grow where normal rice couldn’t.
Empress Wu
Wife of Emperor Gaozong; Proclaimed herself emperor after the Emperor Gaozong’s death; an effective leader;
Foot binding
The practice of binding the feet of girls with long strips of cloth to keep them from growing large.
Grand Canal
A canal, built during the Sui Dynasty, that connected the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, notable for strengthening China’s internal cohesion and economic development.
Jin dynasty
Dynasty of the Jurchen people of Manchuria that ruled north China from 1127-1234, when the Mongols defeated their armies.
Jurchen
Northern nomadic group who created a political unit known as the Jin Empire.
Neo-Confucianism
The revival of Confucian thinking that began in the eleventh century, characterized by the goal of attaining the wisdom of the sages, not exam success.
Sinification
A term that refers to the adoption of Chinese practices by non-Chinese peoples
Song dynasty
Founded by Taizu, a general; used written exams to select officials; had an army of more than a million men; foot-binding began in this dynasty.
SPAM
The social organization in China during the Song period is often abbreviated as SPAM: scholars, peasants, artisans, and merchants.
Sui dynasty
Reunified China; Constructed the Grand Canal; First Dynasty to use written exams to select officials
Tang dynasty
Founded by Lu Yuan; high point of traditional Chinese civilization; used written exams like the Sui Dynasty; Brought about Neo-Confucianism; created a unified law code which was an excellent agent of centralization;
Tuoba
A non-Chinese people who had no written language of their own, but spoke Turkish; They raided northern China;
Yangzi River
***River that cuts through central China and flows from the mountains of Tibet to Pacific Ocean
Politically, what happened in northern China after the fall of the Han dynasty? What separated northern and southern China? Why and how did the two become more integrated after the fall of the Han?
The North was ruled by non-Chinese, and the South was ruled by Chinese
Malaria in the South. Because nomadic people started pouring into the North, the people there were scared more of the nomads than they were of Malaria, so they migrated South and learned to grow rice.
How do the Tang and Song dynasties compare to the Han?
The Song Dynasty had a large reliance on the scholar gentry class, while the Tang had very little reliance on it. The Song Dynasty didn’t expand much while the Tang expanded to practically modern borders. The Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty both lasted about 300 years
What influence did China have on smaller East Asian states like Vietnam, Korea, and Japan?
They had influence in the fine arts - painting, architecture, and ceramics in particular.
What opportunities and challenges did women face in China?
If their families could afford it, women and girls were usually kept inside the house; In the home, women had considerable say on issues and the selection of marriage partners for their children; if the husband was wealthy he might bring home a concubine who’s children were considered legitimate heirs; Foot binding was another way to control women and make sure that they had no sexual partners besides their husbands; Women could rule as regents for their husbands or sons, and women often had an extraordinary amount of control over their husbands, especially if she came from a better family than her husband.
date of Delhi Sultanate established
1206 CE
What regions were connected to the Indian Ocean World?
Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa
Where is the Middle East, in comparison to the Indian Ocean World?
East Asia
Arabic/Hindi Numerals
They originated in India in the 6th or 7th century and were introduced to Europe through the writings of Middle Eastern mathematicians, especially al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi, about the 12th century.
cotton
Domesticated independently in three places: Africa, the Americas, and India.
Delhi Sultanate
The government of Delhi; Major accomplishment was holding off the Mongols; eventually weakened by the armies of the Timur; fell in 1526 when conquered by the Mughals.
Gupta Empire
Named after Chandragupta; united north India;
Lothal
A major trade center; destroyed by a flood in 1900 BCE; part of Harappan culture around 2500 BCE;
Periplous of the Erythraean Sea
Travel log of the Red Sea
southernization
Analogous to westernization; the spreading of cotton, gold, spices, sugar, and advances in number systems and mathematics to the northern hemisphere.
spices
Cloves, cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg, and mace are…
sugar
Popularity of this product brought slaves to america;
westernization
An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.
What evidence do we have demonstrating trade and contacts in the Indian Ocean world?
Archaeological evidence shows us that the Harappans sailed along the coast to the Arabian Peninsula.
Linguistic evidence helps us come to the same conclusion about the extent of travel and interactions in the Indian Ocean world.
Written evidence of early trade in the Indian Ocean world - The Periplous of the Erythraean Sea is our best source.
What is southernization? How is it related to westernization?
The spreading of cotton, gold, spices, sugar, and advances in number systems and mathematics to the northern hemisphere. It is essentially the same in that it is the spreading of ideas or products to other parts of the world.
What influence did Islam have on India?
Unity in trade; India was a product of, and a major engine of, globalization.
Examine the systems of trade that existed in the Indian Ocean world
Conquest, trade, religion and culture, and Turk migration
