Final Flashcards

Question

Dates for the Crusades

Answer 1

The Pope and the King of France teamed up to eradicate a heresy of a bunch of people that called themselves the "pure ones". These people lived an ascetic life and believed that God wouldn't take something spiritual and make it material.

Answer 2

The Pope called all Christians to fight to retake the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. They succeeded.

Answer 3

Reinforcements for the first crusade to retain the holy land from the Muslims and take additional land if possible. It accomplished nothing.

Answer 4

Also called the Kings' Crusade because it was led by the Holy Roman Emperor, the king of France, and Richard the Lionheart, king of England. Called in response to the Muslims taking back the Holy Land. Were only able to capture enough territory to allow pilgrims access to Jerusalem. Roman emperor died en route to the Holy Land.

Answer 5

Began with the sacking of Constantinople; Knights set up their own kingdom within Byzantine territory that lasted for half a century; showed the weakness of the Byzantine Empire, and meant the end of any possibility of a unified Christianity.

Answer 6

A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.

Answer 7

Turkish leader of the Muslim forces that retook Jerusalem from the Christians.

Answer 8

Pastoralist people who raided and traded with the Abbasid Empire; many converted to Islam; eventually overtook the Abbasid Empire.

Answer 9

Pope who called for the first Crusade at the Council of Clermont

Answer 10

Muslims controlled the Holy Land; The Byzantine emperor feared Muslim Turks would destroy Constantinople; Byzantine leaders began asking Western European rulers for help; the pope offered remissions of sins for those who fought in the crusades.

Answer 11

- Increased trade for western Europe - End of Islamic political control of Spain - Decline of the Byzantine Empire - Failure to retain the Holy Land - Creation of a European identity - Greater conformity to Christian doctrine and practice - Made religious unity worse among Christians

Answer 12

The Crusades were the end of Muslim dominance. They were all meant to unite all faiths, but even though Christians were willing to convert to Muslim, the Muslims weren't willing to convert to Christianity.

Answer 13

Sometimes spelled Ghengis, this is a title given to the Mongol ruler starting with Temujin, it means Great Ruler. Goal was to create a Mongol identity that was not dependent on clan ties or family ties.

Answer 14

Khanate/Empire led by Kublai Khan known for its unification of China and for encouraging trade; located in China

Answer 15

Mongol rule in Russia and Eastern Europe. Russians called the Mongols "Tartars"

Answer 16

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruled the mongols as they expanded into Muslim territory; was sent to overthrow the Abbasids in Persia; Conquered Baghdad; ruled the Il-Khan Empire

Answer 17

Created after the fall of the Abbasids; ruled by Hülegü

Answer 18

Capital of the Mongol Empire, but it wasn't really spectacular

Answer 19

A place where the Mongols were able to maintain their nomadic way of life.

Answer 20

Grandson of Chinggis; under his rule they completed their conquest of China

Answer 21

The "Mongolian Peace" that helped unite warring tribes and increase trade

Answer 22

Mongol ruler who was born a Muslim and spoke Turkish; saw himself as the next Chinggis Khan; wanted to reunite the empire, but died before he got the chance.

Answer 23

Turkic speakers from Central Asia, originally nomads, who spread westward into the Near East and into India; had a more lasting impact on world history when they became dominant in the Islamic heartland and founded a series of states and empires there.

Answer 24

Chinese dynasty ruled by the Mongols after capturing all of Song China; best known ruler was Khubilai Khan

Answer 25

They had superior tactics, weapons, organization, horseman, archers, and weren't afraid to use new military technologies. They were very mobile, so they were hard to defeat. They established a system of tribute, which allowed them to just live on their own land if they paid tribute.

Answer 26

- The Khanate of Central Asia - The Il-khan Empire of Persia - The Khanate of the Golden Horde - The Empire of the Great Khan

Answer 27

- A psychological legacy of horrors - The transfer of power in the Middle East from Arabs to Turks - The spread of Islam throughout the steppe lands - Increase of trade and travel throughout the Eurasian world

Answer 28

The period when Bishop's authority strengthened and they returned to urban power

Answer 29

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Answer 30

The term for the architectural and artistic style that prevailed in Europe from the mid-twelfth to the sixteenth century. Built to let in as much light as possible; known for stain glass windows.

Answer 31

The best example of the Romanesque style is the abbey church of Vézelay in Burgundy; the walls were often covered in artwork

Answer 32

A method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities

Answer 33

(FInAPT) 1. End of the Foreign invasions 2. Agricultural Expansion 3. Population Growth 4. Increase in Towns

Answer 34

It was based on feudalism; eventually the structure began to disappear because of developments in technology which caused new social units to occur.

Answer 35

It showed their devotion to God; Bishops and town magistrates were a major force behind cathedral building

Answer 36

Integration of several trading zones all over the continent, including even the very edges, Western Europe and China.

Answer 37

Caused tensions between temporal and spiritual powers; spread disease more rapidly

Answer 38

The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Answer 39

A famous medieval author who wrote a book containing one hundred stories called The Decameron. Each of the ten characters told one story a day, for ten days, to their companions as a way to pass the time.

Answer 40

In this type of plague, the bacteria move into the lymph nodes in the armpits, neck, or groin, which causes them to swell, resulting in the classic sign of the plague, the bubo. Buboes are accompanied by a high fever, delirium, and bleeding under the skin, resulting in dark splotches. These splotches may be the origin of the term "Black Death." For between 30 and 70 percent of those who catch the plague, death follows between two and four days later.

Answer 41

Wandering bands of men who traveled from town to town putting on plays that represented the sins they had committed, like perjury, usury, adultery, and murder. Then they stripped to the waist and whipped themselves with knotted cords. They did this both as penance for their own sins and to warn others to repent as well. They claimed to be on a divinely appointed mission, spreading repentance from town to town until the plague disappeared.

Answer 42

A plague saint. He was a new saint who had died of the plague while tending other plague victims. He's always portrayed pointing to the bubo on his thigh and with a dog because, according to legend, a dog brought him bread to keep him alive.

Answer 43

It is caused by a bacteria known as Yersinia pestis. It is a disease of small rodents, and can infect almost anything. Once its host dies, it searches for another victim. The plague of Justinian (from 542-543), the Black Death (began in 1331), and the 1860's epidemic that went from China to San Francisco.

Answer 44

Infected Rats with fleas in China caused an outbreak in Hebei province wiping out 90% of the population. It then traveled along with the Mongols until it reached the Black Sea in 1346. There, rats that had the disease got on ships and spread to most parts of Europe. - Differing attitudes towards churches during the plague. - They would shun their neighbors because they thought the plague was spread by contact, or by air, so they would wear bird masks and such.

Answer 45

Resulted in a major demographic collapse all across Eurasia. Trade collapsed as well. Farmers gained more land and helped create a more diverse economy. Serfdom was extinguished. Recovery from the plague.

Answer 46

da Gama: 1497-1499 Diaz: 1488 Zheng He: 1405-1433

Answer 47

Portuguese explorer. In 1488, he sailed around the Cape of Good Hope.

Answer 48

A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.

Answer 49

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Answer 50

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Answer 51

Succeeded the Yuan Dynasty

Answer 52

Said to have started the school of Navigators, but in reality he just supported navigators and sailors who were trying to acquire Canary Islands off the west coast of Africa.

Answer 53

The ships of Zheng He. They were the biggest and best ships in the world.

Answer 54

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1499, he sailed from Portugal to India and back. The first explorer to sail around Africa and reach India

Answer 55

Chinese Ming emperor who sent out a large fleet of ships to invite the foreign states to establish a tribute-trade relationship with him and the Chinese Empire.

Answer 56

A Chinese Muslim of Turkish ancestry. Commander of the Treasure Ships.

Answer 57

pg 461-62. Political competition and warfare led to economic competition and the race to see who could capture more of the existing trade routes, or even find new ones.

Answer 58

Europeans sought to explore due to internal competition and demand. The Chinese only wanted to show people their dominance and wanted tribute-trade alliances. They were similar in that they discovered new ways to build ships...

Answer 59

They were expensive and required a lot of men. At this time the Jurchens were invading China and causing problems so China had to put more of their resources into building the wall instead of ships.