World Cities- Isation Flashcards
The 2 main causes of urbanisation
Natural population growth and rural to urban migration
Urbanisation push factors
Population growth - pressure on land, over farming, soils erosion, low yields
Agricultural problems such as desertification
Local diseases and inadequate medical services
Civil unrest
Urbanisation pull factors
Employment in factors and service industries
Better quality services
More reliable water supplies
Perceived improved quality of life
Slums of despair
High unemployment Poorly built housing Poor water supply Illegal hook ups to electricity Widespread crime Lacks waste disposal services
Slums of hope
Some formal and informal employment
Housing improvement through individual and group action
Water supply being improved
Public services improve
The brown agenda
This is a mix of social and environmental problems brought about by rapid growth and industrialisation associated with economic development. It occurs in LEDCs
Causes or urbanisation case study- Delhi, India
In 2991, Delhi’s population increased by 280,000 due to migration and 215,000 due to natural increase in 1 year.
Push factors- agricultural problems, population growth putting pressure on land so low crops
Pull factors- Delhi offers a range of employ,net opportunities. Delhi’s literacy is higher than the national rate of 66%
Many of India’s most respected universities are there such as the University of Delhi
Urbanisation- site and service schemes
Land is divided into plots by the authorities. Roads, water and sanitation may be provided. Newcomers can rent land and build a house following guidlines
Urbanisation- Aided self help schemes
Inhabitants are given legal ownership of the land. People improve their houses slowing such as by replacing mud walls with bricks.
City authorities provide and help with sanitation and waste collection
Urbanisation- issues resulting from urbanisation case study
Kibera, on the outskirts of Nairobi has had massive urban growth in recent years. It faces huge social, economic and environments, planning and management issues
Social: average population densities exceed 3000 person/ha. Crime rates are high. Housing comprises thousands of makeshift shacks built from corrugated iron, mud, timber etc. Half of Kibera’s inhabitants are HIV positive
Economic- 80% of the population is unemployed. Most people are in the informal sector. Many people cannot afford transport and walk long distances to work
Environmental- the narrow, uneven roads are inaccessible to vehicles
Lacks the most basic infrastructure. Spread of waterborne disease
Regional names for squatter settlements
Latin American: Barrios
Brazil: favelas
Kolkata, India: Bustees
Suburbanisation definition
The process leading to the outward growth of a town or city which may engulf surrounding villages and towns to create a larger urban area
Causes and process of suburbanisation
People wanted to escape from the decline, pollution and stress of the inner city
Suburbanisation was facilitated by the growth of public transport
Not many controls so urban growth occurred along main roads (ribbon development)
This growth caused concern leading to protected areas called green belts
Out of town retail parks, schools have been built in suburban areaS
Ribbon development
Not many planning controls so urban growth occurred along main roads
Green belts
Protected areas
