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A2 Geography Human > World Cities > Flashcards

World Cities Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of decline in some central areas

A

Hugh land values
Lack of room for expansion
Traffic congestion and high cost of parking
Unreliable weather for shopping
Perception that the central area is unsafe

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2
Q

Causes of growth in out of town locations

A

Cheaper land and room for expansion
Increased mobility- (increased car ownership)
People use shopping as a leisure activity and visit out of town centres which may have fast food outlets and entertainment

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3
Q

Out of town retailing areas definition

A

Large shopping centres often in the edge of towns

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4
Q

Characteristics of out often retailing areas

A

Large sites
Extensive car parks which often have free parking
Links to a motorway or ring road
Entertainment facilities such as cinemas

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5
Q

Arguments for those in favour of out of town retailing centres

A

Great opportunities to shop without the need to travel to city centres.

Creates jobs for local people

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6
Q

Arguments of those against out of town retail centres

A

It causes increased traffic in the area- creating problems of safety, pollution, notice and parking on residential streets.

24 hour shopping means continual movement of cars and Lorraine’s which may cause unacceptable noise levels at night.

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7
Q

Problems of out of town retail centres

A

Competition with local shopping centres in town centres and suburban areas.

Contribute to urban sprawl

Can cause severe congestion on nearby motorways

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8
Q

Responses to the development of out of town retailing areas

A

Redevelopment of town centres

Growth of outlet centres

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9
Q

The original 2 tier structure of retailing

A
  1. The central area- higher value goods were in the town centres

2 corner shops and shopping parades- local needs were met by corner shops in areas of terraced housing

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10
Q

3 waves of decentralisation

A

Wave 1: supermarkets, superstores have been built in residential areas and town centres

Wave 2: electrical goods and DIY retail parks have expanded.

Wave 3: high order, comparison goods in large out of town centres

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11
Q

Decentralisation

A

The movement of shops, offices and industry away from urban areas in MEDCs

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12
Q

2 main causes of urbanisation

A

Natural population growth (more births than deaths)

Migration into urban areas

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13
Q

Millionaire city

A

Population of over 1 million

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14
Q

Mega cities

A

Population of over 10million

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15
Q

The most urbanised continents

A

Europe
North and South America
Australia

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16
Q

Where is urban growth greatest?

A

Asia and rapidly increasing in Africa

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17
Q

The global pattern of urbanisation

A

At a global scale, rapid urbanisation has occurred over the last 50 years.

In the 1900s, the worlds biggest cities were predominantly in Erupe and North America.

Now, the majority of the worlds biggest cities are found in Asia and mega cities are found on every continent.

In the 1950s, only New York and Tokyo were large enough to qualify as mega cities. By 2014, there were 28 mega cities world wide.

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18
Q

Urbanisation definiton

A

The growth in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in urban areas (towns and cities)

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19
Q

World city

A

Cities which have a great influence on global scale.

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20
Q

Hubs of world cities

A

Hubs of business, transport and trade- strong connections with the rest of the world and often where the headquarters of TNCs are.

Production hubs- many decisions about marketing and production

Political hubs- world city politicians often dictate trading and economic links between countries

Migration hubs- world cities attract large numbers of people

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21
Q

Hierarchy of world cities

A

The first attempt to identify cities was by Loughborough uni. They attempted to rank cities based on their financial influence. They were categorised as:

Alpha++
Alpha+
Alpha
Beta 
Gama
22
Q

Synergy

A

When 2 or more companies, groups or individuals achieve mutual benefits from working closely together

23
Q

The industrial revolution and growth of cities in Europe

A

In Europe, during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, cities grew much larger because:

The agricultural revolution introduced more machines into farming meaning fewer people needed to work in the country side

Growth of factories

24
Q

Urbanisation in MEDCs

A

The rate of urbanisation was slower

Some movement is now to rural areas to live in suburbanised villages. This movement is called counter urbanisation.

Towns and cities grew during the industrial revolution

25
Q

Urbanisation in LEDCs

A

The rate of urbanisation is fastest

Urbanisation has been more recent (since the 1950s)

26
Q

Consequences of urbanisation

A 
Air pollution 
Vandalism 
Noise pollution 
Over crowding 
High levels of unemployment 
Building on greenfield sites 
Homelessness 
Dietary deficient diseases 
Litter
Rioting 
Respiratory illnesses 
Only in LEDCs
High birth and death rate 
Low life expectancy 
Shanty towns 
Jobs in the information sector 
Waste disposal problems
27
Q

Regional names of squatter settlements

A

Latin American cities: Barrios
Brazil: Favelas
Mumbai, India: Zopadpatti’s
Kolkata, India: Bustees

28
Q

Changes in retailing

A

Online shopping
Farmers markets
Small food outlets in the central area
Petrol stations now have food retail function (a new type of corner shop)

29
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The process leading to the outward growth of a town or city.

30
Q

Causes a processes of suburbanisation

A

People wanted to escape from decline, pollution and stress of the inner city.

Growth of public transport

Increased car ownership

Ribbon development

Green belts

Out of town retail parks, schools etc built

31
Q

Ribbon development

A

Not many planning controls so urban growth occurred along main roads

32
Q

Green belts

A

The growth of urban areas along main roads caused concern leading to establishments of protected areas called green belts

33
Q

Suburbanisation case study

A

LA

34
Q

Features of brownfield sites

A

Derelict sites in urban areas
Infrastructure is normally present
The land is available but can be costly to reclaim/ decontaminated if polluted

35
Q

Features of greenfield sites

A

New sites, usually on agricultural land
Land is not available unless planning permission had been obtained
Infrastructure costs are high for new sewerage, water, gas, electricity etc
Sites tent to be larger

36
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

The movement of people from urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas beyond the built up area

37
Q

Causes of counter urbanisation

A

People want to escape the air pollution, dirt and crime of the urban environment
Car ownership and greater affluence
Internal has allowed more freedom of location

38
Q

Case study for counter urbanisation

A

East Keswick

39
Q

Rural turnaround

A

Counter urbanisation is one of a number of processes contributing to social and demographic change in rural areas. This is referred to as the rural turnaround.

Outmigration of Young village born adults seeking education and employments opportunities

In migration of young to middle aged married couples or families

40
Q

Re urbanisation

A

The movement of people into the city centre of inner city as part of the urban regeneration process

41
Q

Name the 3 main processes leading to re urbanisation

A

Gentrification

Property led regeneration schemes

The move towards 21st century sustainable communities

42
Q

Gentrification

A

In movement by individuals or groups of individuals into older housing that was in a state of disrepair and the improvement of that housing

43
Q

Property led regeneration schemes

A

In movement by people as part of large scale investment programmes aimed at urban regeneration in a wider, social, economic and physical sense

44
Q

The move towards 21st century sustainable communities

A

Allowing individuals and communities who live in city centres to have access to a home, a job and a reliable income with a reasonable quality of life and opportunities to maximise personal potential through education and health provision and through participation in local democracies

45
Q

Positive impacts of gentrification

A

The social mix of the area is changed and becomes more affluent

The physical and built environment is improved

Increase in number of bars, restaurants and other services

Refurbishment means jobs are created

46
Q

Negative impacts of gentrification

A

Local people on low incomes find it difficult to purchase housing
Friction occurs between newcomers and the original residents

Locals may only be employed in low paid service sector jobs

47
Q

Re urbanisation case study

A

Nottinghill

48
Q

Urban decline

A

The process whereby a city or part of a city falls into disrepair

49
Q

Inner city decline characteristics

A 
Many boarded up shops 
Empty derelict properties 
High crime 
High levels of unemployment 
The closing of schools
50
Q

Inner city high rise developments

A 
Built as part of inner city renewal programmes 
Problems-
Lacked community feel 
Poorly ventilated and suffered from damp
Expensive to heat 
High crime
51
Q

Peripheral council estates

A

During the 1950s 60s and 70s many local authorities built estates on the edges of urban areas to house overspill population and people who needed rehousing as a result of inner city slum clearance.

Cheap way for local authorise to meet housing demand

A2 Geography Human (3 decks)

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