World Cities Flashcards
1
Q
Advantages of greenfield sites?
A
- no need to clean/make safe the site, thus cheaper
- existing road networks are not in place, thus not restricting planning
- often on edge of cities where land is cheaper
- developers have a blank canvas
- more space for gardens
- the environment is appealing to wealthy buyers
- generally close to motorways, thus good transport links
2
Q
Advantages of brownfield sites?
A
- more sustainable as no new land is used
- prevents urban sprawl and reduces commute distances
- infrastructure and utilities are already in place
- easier to get planning permission
- closer to CBD for retail/jobs
3
Q
What is Newcastle Great Park (Edge of Town Development CS)
A
- NGP is a greenfield, edge of city development within the greenbelt
- north of Newcastle
- developers, council and some owners want the plan approved
- conservationists, environmentalists and some urban planners oppose the idea
4
Q
Arguments for NGP? (Edge of Town Development CS)
A
- 2500 new homes - good for richer residents and helping achieve home-building targets to reduce housing strain
- 80 hectares of commercial development which could create jobs (£50m HQ for Sage, 1500 jobs within 2 years)
- integrated transport plan where no home is further than 400m from a bus stop, 27km of cycle routes, cycle purchase scheme and car sharing database
- full time ranger employed to ensure local wildlife conservation
- lies next to A1 which will be improved and connects easily to the airport
- should slow down annual -1500 net migration
5
Q
Arguments against NGP? (Edge of Town Development CS)
A
- three story properties at £200,000 are well beyond average earners in area
- further endanger red squirrel
- breaches greenbelt - loss of rural land
- space for 20,000 homes on brownfield sites in decline - which are in need of a boost
- no guarantee of job creating - maybe just displacement?
- traffic in Gosforth and Newcastle will increase
- innter-city regeneration would to more to slow outward migration
6
Q
General Facts about Mumbai? (Urbanisation CS)
A
- Mumbai is a mega city on the West coast of India
- financial capital and service hub of India
- rural to urban migration has resulted in Mumbai’s population doubling since 1970 to almost 13 million
- more than half the population live in slums
7
Q
Impacts of Urbanisation in Mumbai? (Urbanisation CS)
A
- poor living conditions in slums in terms of water, sanitation, etc.
- health services cannot cope (only 30% of urban poor served, IMR is 44/100,000)
- demand for water exceeds supply many years leading to rationing
- road network cannot cope
- waste management services overwhelmed, 25% of deaths in Chembur as related to burning waste
8
Q
Management of Urbanisation in Mumbai? (Urbanisation CS)
A
- plan to clear Dharavi and develop a new, high-end township (locals against as they will be displaced and Dharavi’s recycling micro industries support the city)
- Slum Sanitation Program started in 1995 by NGOs, has built 330 communal toilet blocks in Mumbai slums
- rainwater harvesting systems are now compulsory on almost all new builds but only half have complied so far
- most people using scooters and moped to avoid congestion worsens air quality while reducing congestion
- public transport improvements planned: metro system with over 140km of rail due to be completed by 2021
9
Q
What is Surbiton, Why is it Attractive and what are the Problems? (Managing Suburbanisation CS)
A
- suburb of SW London
- between 1970 and 2011 its population increased from 140,000 to 160,000 due to suburbanisation
- it has good transport links to central London - 18 mins by rail and close to A3
- variety of good quality housing at various prices
- wealthy area with shops and services
- good schools and numerous parks
- high car ownership (70%) and a large number of parked cars increased congestion
- currently in travel zone 6, making rail expensive so most use cars
- high house prices, £406k average compared to UK average of £226k resulting in economic segregation
10
Q
How have the impacts of Suburbanisation in Surbiton been managed? (Managing Suburbanisation CS)
A
- improvements strategy for Surbiton town centre launched in 2009 including widening roads and set delivery times to rotate parking space usage
- neighborhood committee setup to involve residents in local decisions, but that have little real power
- campain to reclassify Surbiton as zone 5 to encourage rail travel
- secure bicycle storage at the station to encourage people to cycle there
11
Q
Managing the impacts of Suburbanisation?
A
- redevelopment schemes to encourage people and businesses to move back to city centres e.g. Birmingham Big City Plan - retail/property-led
- greenbelt to prevent urban sprawl and protect the countryside
- congestion charges to reduce traffic - in London traffic reduced by 15%
- flood defense schemes to protect urban areas prone to flooding e.g. Shrewsbury
12
Q
What/Where is St. Ives and what Impacts have Counter-Urbanistion had? (Counter-Urbanisation CS)
A
- town in Cambridgeshire, 70 miles North of London
- 5x increasing in population since 1960
- congestion is a major issue (especially on A14 to Cambridge)
- average house prices more than doubled between 2000 and 2010
- history of flooding issues and demand has led to development of properties on floodplain
- more shops and services available
- families moving to a previous ageing area has placed strain on schools
13
Q
How have the Impacts of Counter-Urbanisation been managed in St. Ives? (Counter-Urbanisation CS)
A
- 200 new houses in 2010 with at least 75 as social rents
- expanding primary schools to make 250 new places
- flood protection costing £8.8mil including embankments and flood walls
- £116mil guided busway linking St. Ives to Huntingdon and Cambridge and train stations to reduce congestion
14
Q
Context of the London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)
A
- the Docklands used to be a hive of economic activity in the 19th/20th century
- began to decline due to containerization in the 1960’s
- Felixstowe port became major port
- by the 1980’s large parts of the Docklands were dereclict
- 150,000 job losses
- 20% of houses not suitable for living
- poor public transport, thus not well connected
LDDC was setup in 1981 to redevelop the area, eventually creating the second financial center of London
15
Q
Positive Impacts of London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)
A
ECONOMIC: part of the area made into an enterprise zone until 1992, by 1998 there were 2700 businesses with £7.7bn private investment and 85,000 jobs
HOUSING: 24,000 new homes built, including 6250 housing association of LA homes
TRANSPORT: DLR opened in 1987, cutting the journey to central London to sub 20 mins. New pedestrian and cycle routes and tube station.
COMMUNITY: new public facilities including a sailing and water sports center and the Surray Quays shopping complex. Five new health centers.
EDUCATION: new schools and colleges built and old ones refurbished e.g. new computers
ENVIRONMENT: pleasant environment after refurbishment. New outdoor spaces including an ecology park at Bow Creek
Since 1980, the population of the area has doubled.
16
Q
Negative Impacts of London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)
A
- conflict between wealthy residents and original residents due to domination of luxury developments of affordable housing
- jobs created (banking) were completely incompatible with the skill set of previous residents (dockers)
- most locals were simply displaced and the root issue of unemployment for them was not resolved
17
Q
Attempts to Manage the London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)
A
- LDDC some 40% of housing at affordable prices in some areas
- centers setup to provide training in literacy, numeracy and IT
- LDDC worked with Skillnet - a job agency designed to give people the skills they needed for employment e.g. construction
18
Q
Context of Islington? (Gentrification CS)
A
- north London
- originally wealthy but rich left as railways expanded in late 19th century, allowing commutes
- poorer residents began to move in, causing overcrowding and decline
19
Q
Why did the middle class begin moving to Islington in the late 60’s? (Gentrification CS)
A
- increasing well-paid service sector jobs in London
- well connected to the city center by Angel station
- houses were large and attractive and much cheaper than most of London, and could be renovated to suit their needs
- once the process begins, it drives itself
20
Q
Impacts of Gentrification of Islington? (Gentrification CS)
A
Positive:
- improved housing as wealthy residents renew their homes while keeping original characteristics
- new businesses (wine bars, cafes, etc.) draw money and jobs to the area
Negative:
- house values tripled from 1996 to 2008, people on lower salaries forced out of the area or into social housing (50% of area in 2008)
- wealth segregation (8th most deprived area in England)
- some local businesses have closed e.g. pubs/convenience stores
21
Q
Attempts to Manage Islington Gentrification? (Gentrification CS)
A
- local businesses being encouraged to pay NLW (£8.30/hr) to help low-skilled workers afford high living costs
- charities work in poorer areas to improve education e.g. Light Project International
22
Q
Hulme City Partnership context? (Partnership Scheme CS)
A
- just south of Manchester city center
- due to poor planning and living conditions, by the early 90’s many residents had moved out of the new, large apartment blocks
- the area was very poor and ridden with crime and unemployment
- in 1992, the Hulme City Challenge Partnership
- local council worked with businesses to create a £38mil regeneration package
- mixture of shops, housing and community spaces
23
Q
Main Improve to Hulme? (Partnership Scheme CS)
A
- tower blocks demolished and new homes built
- new homes were a mixture of affordable and private housing to encourage social mixing
- main shopping area refurbished to provide a covered market hall and a supermarket
- Zion Center: an arts venue and community centre
- a business park at Birley Fields to encourage private invest and create wealth/jobs
- Hulme Park created to provide a safe, green space
24
Q
Successes and Failures of Hulme PS? (Partnership Scheme CS)
A
SUCCESSES:
- new housing and services made the area much more attractive (population grew 15x faster than the rest of Liverpool 92-02)
- from 97-02 it received £400mil in private investment
- unemployment fell from 30% in 1992 to 6% in 2010
FAILURES:
- still a poor area and half the population lives in social housing
- house prices increased, making private housing to expensive for locals
- unemployment is still higher than the rest of Manchester
25
Q
Context and Aims of London Thames Gateway PLR? (Property-led Regeneration CS)
A
- area stretching 40 miles along the Thames, east of London
- heavily industrialized from the 1960s onward
- LTGDC is a 10-year program designed to regenerate the area to the north and east of the docklands
AIMS:
- to ensure land and buildings are in use and not derelict
- to encourage existing and new industry and business to develop
- to create an attractive environment
- to improve housing and social facilities to attract people to the area
26
Q
Main Improvements made by LTGDC? (Property-led Regeneration CS)
A
- £1.7bn regeneration project
- new town centres in Canning Town and Custom House with retail, business and leisure services
- improved road network and rail station
- renovation of schools and educational services
- UoEL and UoL are creating a new campus in Stratford
- sustainable housing development at Barking Riverside to provide 10,000 new homes, new facilities, improved roads and a train station
27
Q
Successes and Failures of LTGDC? (Property-led Regeneration CS)
A
SUCCESSES:
- population of area is growing e.g. 01-11 Barking and Dagenham rose by 12%
- renovation of schools has led to better results e.g. St Paul’s Way Trust School’s 5A*-C % rose from 29% to 46% in one year after a £40mil renovation
FAILURES/CONCERNS:
- been accused of not listening to residents concerns e.g. Olympic Park nightclub noise
- objections to proposed tower block at Virginia Quay, which local councilors strongly object to
28
Q
Why has Retail Decentralised?
A
- increased car ownership meaning people can drive to shops (OOTSCs have good access and free parking)
- parking is usually expensive in city centers
- use of freezers and cars allows people to do one large weekly shop and store items rather than buy small amounts and use it all immediately
- increased road building (motorways and bypasses) makes OOTSCs easier to access and increases their range of convenience
- cheaper to build/rent out of town
- often built on disused/derelict land, thus easier to get planning permission
29
Q
Effects of Decentralisation on City Centers?
A
POSITIVE:
- locals councils often reinvest in city center to attract business back e.g. creating pedestrian zones, renovating old shopping centers and organizing events
- congestion and pollution decrease as there is less traffic
NEGATIVE:
- OOTSCs compete directly with CBD shops, often reducing profits so much they have to close, and people lose jobs
- decline in traffic to shops also reduces usage of nearby services e.g. cafes, restaurants
- social decline as unemployment and general disillusionment sets in
30
Q
Effects of Decentralisation on Rurul-Urban Fringe?
A
POSITIVE:
- creates jobs for people in suburbs
- often built on brownfield which would otherwise be disused
- houses with easy access rise in value
NEGATIVE:
- require a lot of construction - while this provides temporary jobs it can create noise pollution and congestion
- extra traffic causes pollution and congestion
31
Q
Context and why people visit the Trafford Centre? (OOTSC CS)
A
- near Manchester
- opened in 1998
- built on brownfield land in Trafford Park
- cost £1bn to build (accounting for inflation)
- 10% of UK population within 45 minute drive… very large range of convenience
- more than 30mil visit anually
WHY PEOPLE VISIT:
- range of activities; over 200 shops, 1600 seat food court, 20 screen cinema, crazy golf, bowling, lazer quest
- well connected by road: M60 and M602
- many buses from Manchester
- 11,500 free parking spaces and a traffic control system to manage parking and congestion
- indoors and air-conditioned
- long opening house (10pm Mon-Fri)
- 4 hotels on site
32
Q
Impacts of the Trafford Centre? (OOTSC CS)
A
POSITIVE:
- supports local community projects and charities e.g. Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital
- provides work experience for local students studying retail business
- provides 8000 jobs, with benefits such as healthcare and childcare
- growing, bringing more jobs and a wider range of services e.g. LEGOLAND Discovery Centre
NEGATIVE:
- most visitors drive, causing congestion and pollution especially during holidays
- huge impact on surrounding towns whose retailing has been devastated (Altrincham suffered particularly with 40% of shops now vacant)
33
Q
Management of Impacts of Trafford Centre? (OOTSC CS)
A
- investment in improving public transport, cycle and pedestrian routes (40 bus services/hour)
- Altrincham Town Centre Action Plan (events, free parks, refurbs, etc.)
34
Q
Strategies for redeveloping Urban Centres?
A
- beautification of shopping areas (pedestrianised, disabled access, trees, benches)
- building new shopping malls (Liverpool One/Mailbox) and renovating old ones to outcompete
- opening street markets to improve the atmosphere and range of goods available
- public transport to reduce congestion - park n’ ride
- CCTV/alarms/lighting to make area feel safer
- increasing opening hours
35
Q
In what other ways are most CBDs changing?
A
TAKING ON OTHER FUNCTIONS (as to not directly compete):
- more cafes, bars and entertainment venues to draw people in
- free cultural entertainment e.g. street theatre (Liverpool Light Night free gallery entrance)
- opening of flagship attractions to act as a focal point for tourism e.g. B’ham new Bullring
- establishment of themed areas such as the gay village in Manchester
- development of more residential to increase traffic by way of increasing population
36
Q
Context of Manchester City Centre Redevelopment? (City Centre Redevelopment CS)
A
- from 60’s onward widespread deindustrialisation
- attempts to stop decline (Arndale Centre) failed
- IRA bomb in 1996 damaged much of the city centre making it more in need to regeneration
- opening of Trafford Centre spurred the creation of Manchester Millenium Ltd.
- stated aims were: redesign and rebuild large parks of the CBD; create a safe area for people to live, work and shop; and ensure the longevity of success and investment
37
Q
Main Developments in Manchester City Centre? (City Centre Redevelopment CS)
A
- Corn Exchanged renovated into an upmarket mall
- run-down and unattractive buildings restyled (Arndale Centre)
- upmarket, anchor stores opened e.g. Selfriges
- pedestrianised many areas e.g. Exchange Square
- Printworks Entertainment Complex - IMAX, gym, restaurant, bars, nightclub
- Urbis, an exhibition centre now holding the natl football museum
- new shops, bars, restaurants and luxury apartments
- old industrial buildings converted into residential properties
38
Q
Successes/Issues of Manchester City Centre Redevelopment? (City Centre Redevelopment CS)
A
- still ongoing so cannot be sure
- between 03-09: pop doubled to over 19000; Manchester became 3rd most popular tourist destination (£5bn/year); city centre retail made £300mil extra anually
However…
- not benefited everyone
- 16% of population on low incomes are essentially excluded from the city centre as costs are too high and they must go elsewhere
39
Q
Landfill?
A
- cheap in short-term but not sustainable
- landfill sitres release CO2 and methane (36% of UK methane emissions are from landfill sites)
- some new technology can capture gases and use them to generate electricity e.g. in Mumbai
- can pollute groundwater unless lined before use
- wastes valuable materials that could be reused
- in LICs people often scavenge off landfills e.g. in Manilla 10,000 families used to live off of Smokey Mountain Dump (very dangerous)
40
Q
Composting?
A
- in the UK, around 40% of household waste is organic material meaning it can be composted
- individual composters reduce costs on LA waste disposal
- large-scale composting involves transporting materials to reactors where it is broken down anaerobically to produce bio-gas and fertilizer
- sustainable b/c it reduces landfill and produces renewable bio-gas
- must ensure it is not contaminated to products can be sold safely e.g. in agriculture
41
Q
Recycling?
A
- quicker and cheaper to produce goods from recycled materials
- less energy used in production (20x less for cans)
- reduced demand for raw materials preventing resource exploitation and depletion
- reduced waste going to landfill
DIFFICULTIES:
- relies on individuals to make the effort to sort their waste (incentives such as one bin or rewards e.g. Windsor points system increasing recycling by 35%)
- investment required to setup recycling plans and collection
- lots of UK’s is sent abroad (55% of paper to China), transportation causes emissions
42
Q
Energy Recovery?
A
- burning of indisposable waste to generate heat and electricity
- reduces use of fossil fuels but also produced CO2 and other GGs
USED IN SHEFFIELD:
- ERF provides heat for 140 buildings in the city centre, including the city hall
- saves 21000 tonnes of CO2 anually
- ERF provides 17MW to Natl Grid and reduces waste going to landfill (15% in Sheffield)
- Leicestershire council has plans for an ERF powering 42,000 homes
43
Q
Reduce and Reuse?
A
- overall amount of waste can be reduced by individuals e.g. paperless bills or less packing
- some waste products can be reused e.g. plastic bottles
- easier for individuals although can be done for some products on large scale e.g. bottle deposits and returns in Germany
44
Q
Road Schemes?
A
- bus lanes to encourage people to use them (in Curitiba, two-way express lanes for buses are on all main roads)
- without road widening, bus lanes can create more congestion
- cycle lanes to improve safety and speed (Boris Bikes, 6 UK cycle towns saw 30% increase)
- high occupancy lanes for vehicles with multiple passengers usually operating during rush-hour e.g. Toronto highway 403 led to 40% carsharing withing 3 years
45
Q
Integrating Transport Systems?
A
- means coordinating PT to make use easier e.g. syncing arrivals times and common ticketing
- about making PT accessible to cyclists and pedestrians
- in Curitiba, 1600 buses, one ticket for any journey, 70% use bus system
46
Q
Traffic Management?
A
- bypasses around town/city centres
- Park n’ ride e.g. Cambridge
- building on rural-urban fringe breaches greenbelt and has environmental consequences and can cause conflict
- congestion charge
- number plate restrictions
47
Q
Low Carbon Vehicles?
A
- uses renewable PT vehicles e.g. Singapore hybrids
- improves air quality
- often expensive and difficult to refuel - requires subsidies
- uses electricity generated from fossil fuels
48
Q
Explain Freiburg’s System and its Successes?
A
- integrated PT
- PT integrated with pedestrian and cycle routes
- unified ticketing system to increase ease
- light rail system within 300m of 60% of residents and fully integrated with 26 bus lines
- buses and LRS have priority at traffic lights
- whole city centre is pedestrianized
- 177 home zones with low speed limits and pedestrian priority
- cyclists can travel both ways on most 1-way roads to cut journey times
- discounts on long-term passes to encourage commuting
- by 2007, 70% of journeys by PT/walking/cycling
- average car travel distance down 7%
- CO2/capita down 20% since 1992
- passenger fares cover 90% of costs - little govt support
49
Q
Positive effects of Urbanization?
A
- better provision of education and services and basic infrastructure - can be delivered en masse to large groups
- informal industrial can offer a path out of poverty and eventually formalize (Dharavi recycling)
- IMR lower and life expectancy higher through healthcare and education
- industry and finance services agglomerate and labour market develops
- shanty towns can help reduce housing strain and rapidly developing areas
- becomes a magnet for migration and inward investment e.g. Lagos
50
Q
Negative effects of Urbanization?
A
- growth of unsafe and dangerous shanty towns (flooding in Dharavi)
- informal sectors receive little support and get no access to credit/investment
- healthcare often inaccessible to poor
- environmental problems e.g. air quality in China
- wealth divides breed resentment e.g. SA
- overpopulation when development lags behind
51
Q
Impacts of Suburbanization upon inner city?
A
POSITIVES:
- reduces demand for high-rise, high-density housing leading to clearance and replacement with low-density, more pleasant developments
NEGATIVES:
- inner city decline as skilled workers leave
- communities fragment
- dereliction becomes more common
- shrinking tax base, thus lack of reinvestment
52
Q
Impacts of Suburbanization upon rural-urban fringe?
A
POSITIVES:
- local tax base increases
- new services and facilities
- incoming wealth create demand for recreational facilities
NEGATIVES:
- land prices rise
- urban sprawl
- more congestion and pollution from commuters
- loss of rural atmosphere
- more run-off, thus flooding risk increases
