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World Cities Flashcards

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1
Q

Advantages of greenfield sites?

A
  • no need to clean/make safe the site, thus cheaper
  • existing road networks are not in place, thus not restricting planning
  • often on edge of cities where land is cheaper
  • developers have a blank canvas
  • more space for gardens
  • the environment is appealing to wealthy buyers
  • generally close to motorways, thus good transport links
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2
Q

Advantages of brownfield sites?

A
  • more sustainable as no new land is used
  • prevents urban sprawl and reduces commute distances
  • infrastructure and utilities are already in place
  • easier to get planning permission
  • closer to CBD for retail/jobs
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3
Q

What is Newcastle Great Park (Edge of Town Development CS)

A
  • NGP is a greenfield, edge of city development within the greenbelt
  • north of Newcastle
  • developers, council and some owners want the plan approved
  • conservationists, environmentalists and some urban planners oppose the idea
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4
Q

Arguments for NGP? (Edge of Town Development CS)

A
  • 2500 new homes - good for richer residents and helping achieve home-building targets to reduce housing strain
  • 80 hectares of commercial development which could create jobs (£50m HQ for Sage, 1500 jobs within 2 years)
  • integrated transport plan where no home is further than 400m from a bus stop, 27km of cycle routes, cycle purchase scheme and car sharing database
  • full time ranger employed to ensure local wildlife conservation
  • lies next to A1 which will be improved and connects easily to the airport
  • should slow down annual -1500 net migration
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5
Q

Arguments against NGP? (Edge of Town Development CS)

A
  • three story properties at £200,000 are well beyond average earners in area
  • further endanger red squirrel
  • breaches greenbelt - loss of rural land
  • space for 20,000 homes on brownfield sites in decline - which are in need of a boost
  • no guarantee of job creating - maybe just displacement?
  • traffic in Gosforth and Newcastle will increase
  • innter-city regeneration would to more to slow outward migration
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6
Q

General Facts about Mumbai? (Urbanisation CS)

A
  • Mumbai is a mega city on the West coast of India
  • financial capital and service hub of India
  • rural to urban migration has resulted in Mumbai’s population doubling since 1970 to almost 13 million
  • more than half the population live in slums
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7
Q

Impacts of Urbanisation in Mumbai? (Urbanisation CS)

A
  • poor living conditions in slums in terms of water, sanitation, etc.
  • health services cannot cope (only 30% of urban poor served, IMR is 44/100,000)
  • demand for water exceeds supply many years leading to rationing
  • road network cannot cope
  • waste management services overwhelmed, 25% of deaths in Chembur as related to burning waste
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8
Q

Management of Urbanisation in Mumbai? (Urbanisation CS)

A
  • plan to clear Dharavi and develop a new, high-end township (locals against as they will be displaced and Dharavi’s recycling micro industries support the city)
  • Slum Sanitation Program started in 1995 by NGOs, has built 330 communal toilet blocks in Mumbai slums
  • rainwater harvesting systems are now compulsory on almost all new builds but only half have complied so far
  • most people using scooters and moped to avoid congestion worsens air quality while reducing congestion
  • public transport improvements planned: metro system with over 140km of rail due to be completed by 2021
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9
Q

What is Surbiton, Why is it Attractive and what are the Problems? (Managing Suburbanisation CS)

A
  • suburb of SW London
  • between 1970 and 2011 its population increased from 140,000 to 160,000 due to suburbanisation
  • it has good transport links to central London - 18 mins by rail and close to A3
  • variety of good quality housing at various prices
  • wealthy area with shops and services
  • good schools and numerous parks
  • high car ownership (70%) and a large number of parked cars increased congestion
  • currently in travel zone 6, making rail expensive so most use cars
  • high house prices, £406k average compared to UK average of £226k resulting in economic segregation
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10
Q

How have the impacts of Suburbanisation in Surbiton been managed? (Managing Suburbanisation CS)

A
  • improvements strategy for Surbiton town centre launched in 2009 including widening roads and set delivery times to rotate parking space usage
  • neighborhood committee setup to involve residents in local decisions, but that have little real power
  • campain to reclassify Surbiton as zone 5 to encourage rail travel
  • secure bicycle storage at the station to encourage people to cycle there
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11
Q

Managing the impacts of Suburbanisation?

A
  • redevelopment schemes to encourage people and businesses to move back to city centres e.g. Birmingham Big City Plan - retail/property-led
  • greenbelt to prevent urban sprawl and protect the countryside
  • congestion charges to reduce traffic - in London traffic reduced by 15%
  • flood defense schemes to protect urban areas prone to flooding e.g. Shrewsbury
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12
Q

What/Where is St. Ives and what Impacts have Counter-Urbanistion had? (Counter-Urbanisation CS)

A
  • town in Cambridgeshire, 70 miles North of London
  • 5x increasing in population since 1960
  • congestion is a major issue (especially on A14 to Cambridge)
  • average house prices more than doubled between 2000 and 2010
  • history of flooding issues and demand has led to development of properties on floodplain
  • more shops and services available
  • families moving to a previous ageing area has placed strain on schools
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13
Q

How have the Impacts of Counter-Urbanisation been managed in St. Ives? (Counter-Urbanisation CS)

A
  • 200 new houses in 2010 with at least 75 as social rents
  • expanding primary schools to make 250 new places
  • flood protection costing £8.8mil including embankments and flood walls
  • £116mil guided busway linking St. Ives to Huntingdon and Cambridge and train stations to reduce congestion
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14
Q

Context of the London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)

A
  • the Docklands used to be a hive of economic activity in the 19th/20th century
  • began to decline due to containerization in the 1960’s
  • Felixstowe port became major port
  • by the 1980’s large parts of the Docklands were dereclict
  • 150,000 job losses
  • 20% of houses not suitable for living
  • poor public transport, thus not well connected

LDDC was setup in 1981 to redevelop the area, eventually creating the second financial center of London

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15
Q

Positive Impacts of London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)

A

ECONOMIC: part of the area made into an enterprise zone until 1992, by 1998 there were 2700 businesses with £7.7bn private investment and 85,000 jobs

HOUSING: 24,000 new homes built, including 6250 housing association of LA homes

TRANSPORT: DLR opened in 1987, cutting the journey to central London to sub 20 mins. New pedestrian and cycle routes and tube station.

COMMUNITY: new public facilities including a sailing and water sports center and the Surray Quays shopping complex. Five new health centers.

EDUCATION: new schools and colleges built and old ones refurbished e.g. new computers

ENVIRONMENT: pleasant environment after refurbishment. New outdoor spaces including an ecology park at Bow Creek

Since 1980, the population of the area has doubled.

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16
Q

Negative Impacts of London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)

A
  • conflict between wealthy residents and original residents due to domination of luxury developments of affordable housing
  • jobs created (banking) were completely incompatible with the skill set of previous residents (dockers)
  • most locals were simply displaced and the root issue of unemployment for them was not resolved
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17
Q

Attempts to Manage the London Docklands Redevelopment? (Redevelopment/Re-Urbanisation CS)

A
  • LDDC some 40% of housing at affordable prices in some areas
  • centers setup to provide training in literacy, numeracy and IT
  • LDDC worked with Skillnet - a job agency designed to give people the skills they needed for employment e.g. construction
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18
Q

Context of Islington? (Gentrification CS)

A
  • north London
  • originally wealthy but rich left as railways expanded in late 19th century, allowing commutes
  • poorer residents began to move in, causing overcrowding and decline
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19
Q

Why did the middle class begin moving to Islington in the late 60’s? (Gentrification CS)

A
  • increasing well-paid service sector jobs in London
  • well connected to the city center by Angel station
  • houses were large and attractive and much cheaper than most of London, and could be renovated to suit their needs
  • once the process begins, it drives itself
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20
Q

Impacts of Gentrification of Islington? (Gentrification CS)

A

Positive:

  • improved housing as wealthy residents renew their homes while keeping original characteristics
  • new businesses (wine bars, cafes, etc.) draw money and jobs to the area

Negative:

  • house values tripled from 1996 to 2008, people on lower salaries forced out of the area or into social housing (50% of area in 2008)
  • wealth segregation (8th most deprived area in England)
  • some local businesses have closed e.g. pubs/convenience stores
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21
Q

Attempts to Manage Islington Gentrification? (Gentrification CS)

A
  • local businesses being encouraged to pay NLW (£8.30/hr) to help low-skilled workers afford high living costs
  • charities work in poorer areas to improve education e.g. Light Project International
22
Q

Hulme City Partnership context? (Partnership Scheme CS)

A
  • just south of Manchester city center
  • due to poor planning and living conditions, by the early 90’s many residents had moved out of the new, large apartment blocks
  • the area was very poor and ridden with crime and unemployment
  • in 1992, the Hulme City Challenge Partnership
  • local council worked with businesses to create a £38mil regeneration package
  • mixture of shops, housing and community spaces
23
Q

Main Improve to Hulme? (Partnership Scheme CS)

A
  • tower blocks demolished and new homes built
  • new homes were a mixture of affordable and private housing to encourage social mixing
  • main shopping area refurbished to provide a covered market hall and a supermarket
  • Zion Center: an arts venue and community centre
  • a business park at Birley Fields to encourage private invest and create wealth/jobs
  • Hulme Park created to provide a safe, green space
24
Q

Successes and Failures of Hulme PS? (Partnership Scheme CS)

A

SUCCESSES:

  • new housing and services made the area much more attractive (population grew 15x faster than the rest of Liverpool 92-02)
  • from 97-02 it received £400mil in private investment
  • unemployment fell from 30% in 1992 to 6% in 2010

FAILURES:

  • still a poor area and half the population lives in social housing
  • house prices increased, making private housing to expensive for locals
  • unemployment is still higher than the rest of Manchester
25
Q

Context and Aims of London Thames Gateway PLR? (Property-led Regeneration CS)

A
  • area stretching 40 miles along the Thames, east of London
  • heavily industrialized from the 1960s onward
  • LTGDC is a 10-year program designed to regenerate the area to the north and east of the docklands

AIMS:

  • to ensure land and buildings are in use and not derelict
  • to encourage existing and new industry and business to develop
  • to create an attractive environment
  • to improve housing and social facilities to attract people to the area
26
Q

Main Improvements made by LTGDC? (Property-led Regeneration CS)

A
  • £1.7bn regeneration project
  • new town centres in Canning Town and Custom House with retail, business and leisure services
  • improved road network and rail station
  • renovation of schools and educational services
  • UoEL and UoL are creating a new campus in Stratford
  • sustainable housing development at Barking Riverside to provide 10,000 new homes, new facilities, improved roads and a train station
27
Q

Successes and Failures of LTGDC? (Property-led Regeneration CS)

A

SUCCESSES:

  • population of area is growing e.g. 01-11 Barking and Dagenham rose by 12%
  • renovation of schools has led to better results e.g. St Paul’s Way Trust School’s 5A*-C % rose from 29% to 46% in one year after a £40mil renovation

FAILURES/CONCERNS:

  • been accused of not listening to residents concerns e.g. Olympic Park nightclub noise
  • objections to proposed tower block at Virginia Quay, which local councilors strongly object to
28
Q

Why has Retail Decentralised?

A
  • increased car ownership meaning people can drive to shops (OOTSCs have good access and free parking)
  • parking is usually expensive in city centers
  • use of freezers and cars allows people to do one large weekly shop and store items rather than buy small amounts and use it all immediately
  • increased road building (motorways and bypasses) makes OOTSCs easier to access and increases their range of convenience
  • cheaper to build/rent out of town
  • often built on disused/derelict land, thus easier to get planning permission
29
Q

Effects of Decentralisation on City Centers?

A

POSITIVE:

  • locals councils often reinvest in city center to attract business back e.g. creating pedestrian zones, renovating old shopping centers and organizing events
  • congestion and pollution decrease as there is less traffic

NEGATIVE:

  • OOTSCs compete directly with CBD shops, often reducing profits so much they have to close, and people lose jobs
  • decline in traffic to shops also reduces usage of nearby services e.g. cafes, restaurants
  • social decline as unemployment and general disillusionment sets in
30
Q

Effects of Decentralisation on Rurul-Urban Fringe?

A

POSITIVE:

  • creates jobs for people in suburbs
  • often built on brownfield which would otherwise be disused
  • houses with easy access rise in value

NEGATIVE:

  • require a lot of construction - while this provides temporary jobs it can create noise pollution and congestion
  • extra traffic causes pollution and congestion
31
Q

Context and why people visit the Trafford Centre? (OOTSC CS)

A
  • near Manchester
  • opened in 1998
  • built on brownfield land in Trafford Park
  • cost £1bn to build (accounting for inflation)
  • 10% of UK population within 45 minute drive… very large range of convenience
  • more than 30mil visit anually

WHY PEOPLE VISIT:

  • range of activities; over 200 shops, 1600 seat food court, 20 screen cinema, crazy golf, bowling, lazer quest
  • well connected by road: M60 and M602
  • many buses from Manchester
  • 11,500 free parking spaces and a traffic control system to manage parking and congestion
  • indoors and air-conditioned
  • long opening house (10pm Mon-Fri)
  • 4 hotels on site
32
Q

Impacts of the Trafford Centre? (OOTSC CS)

A

POSITIVE:

  • supports local community projects and charities e.g. Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital
  • provides work experience for local students studying retail business
  • provides 8000 jobs, with benefits such as healthcare and childcare
  • growing, bringing more jobs and a wider range of services e.g. LEGOLAND Discovery Centre

NEGATIVE:

  • most visitors drive, causing congestion and pollution especially during holidays
  • huge impact on surrounding towns whose retailing has been devastated (Altrincham suffered particularly with 40% of shops now vacant)
33
Q

Management of Impacts of Trafford Centre? (OOTSC CS)

A
  • investment in improving public transport, cycle and pedestrian routes (40 bus services/hour)
  • Altrincham Town Centre Action Plan (events, free parks, refurbs, etc.)
34
Q

Strategies for redeveloping Urban Centres?

A
  • beautification of shopping areas (pedestrianised, disabled access, trees, benches)
  • building new shopping malls (Liverpool One/Mailbox) and renovating old ones to outcompete
  • opening street markets to improve the atmosphere and range of goods available
  • public transport to reduce congestion - park n’ ride
  • CCTV/alarms/lighting to make area feel safer
  • increasing opening hours
35
Q

In what other ways are most CBDs changing?

A

TAKING ON OTHER FUNCTIONS (as to not directly compete):

  • more cafes, bars and entertainment venues to draw people in
  • free cultural entertainment e.g. street theatre (Liverpool Light Night free gallery entrance)
  • opening of flagship attractions to act as a focal point for tourism e.g. B’ham new Bullring
  • establishment of themed areas such as the gay village in Manchester
  • development of more residential to increase traffic by way of increasing population
36
Q

Context of Manchester City Centre Redevelopment? (City Centre Redevelopment CS)

A
  • from 60’s onward widespread deindustrialisation
  • attempts to stop decline (Arndale Centre) failed
  • IRA bomb in 1996 damaged much of the city centre making it more in need to regeneration
  • opening of Trafford Centre spurred the creation of Manchester Millenium Ltd.
  • stated aims were: redesign and rebuild large parks of the CBD; create a safe area for people to live, work and shop; and ensure the longevity of success and investment
37
Q

Main Developments in Manchester City Centre? (City Centre Redevelopment CS)

A
  • Corn Exchanged renovated into an upmarket mall
  • run-down and unattractive buildings restyled (Arndale Centre)
  • upmarket, anchor stores opened e.g. Selfriges
  • pedestrianised many areas e.g. Exchange Square
  • Printworks Entertainment Complex - IMAX, gym, restaurant, bars, nightclub
  • Urbis, an exhibition centre now holding the natl football museum
  • new shops, bars, restaurants and luxury apartments
  • old industrial buildings converted into residential properties
38
Q

Successes/Issues of Manchester City Centre Redevelopment? (City Centre Redevelopment CS)

A
  • still ongoing so cannot be sure
  • between 03-09: pop doubled to over 19000; Manchester became 3rd most popular tourist destination (£5bn/year); city centre retail made £300mil extra anually

However…

  • not benefited everyone
  • 16% of population on low incomes are essentially excluded from the city centre as costs are too high and they must go elsewhere
39
Q

Landfill?

A
  • cheap in short-term but not sustainable
  • landfill sitres release CO2 and methane (36% of UK methane emissions are from landfill sites)
  • some new technology can capture gases and use them to generate electricity e.g. in Mumbai
  • can pollute groundwater unless lined before use
  • wastes valuable materials that could be reused
  • in LICs people often scavenge off landfills e.g. in Manilla 10,000 families used to live off of Smokey Mountain Dump (very dangerous)
40
Q

Composting?

A
  • in the UK, around 40% of household waste is organic material meaning it can be composted
  • individual composters reduce costs on LA waste disposal
  • large-scale composting involves transporting materials to reactors where it is broken down anaerobically to produce bio-gas and fertilizer
  • sustainable b/c it reduces landfill and produces renewable bio-gas
  • must ensure it is not contaminated to products can be sold safely e.g. in agriculture
41
Q

Recycling?

A
  • quicker and cheaper to produce goods from recycled materials
  • less energy used in production (20x less for cans)
  • reduced demand for raw materials preventing resource exploitation and depletion
  • reduced waste going to landfill

DIFFICULTIES:

  • relies on individuals to make the effort to sort their waste (incentives such as one bin or rewards e.g. Windsor points system increasing recycling by 35%)
  • investment required to setup recycling plans and collection
  • lots of UK’s is sent abroad (55% of paper to China), transportation causes emissions
42
Q

Energy Recovery?

A
  • burning of indisposable waste to generate heat and electricity
  • reduces use of fossil fuels but also produced CO2 and other GGs

USED IN SHEFFIELD:

  • ERF provides heat for 140 buildings in the city centre, including the city hall
  • saves 21000 tonnes of CO2 anually
  • ERF provides 17MW to Natl Grid and reduces waste going to landfill (15% in Sheffield)
  • Leicestershire council has plans for an ERF powering 42,000 homes
43
Q

Reduce and Reuse?

A
  • overall amount of waste can be reduced by individuals e.g. paperless bills or less packing
  • some waste products can be reused e.g. plastic bottles
  • easier for individuals although can be done for some products on large scale e.g. bottle deposits and returns in Germany
44
Q

Road Schemes?

A
  • bus lanes to encourage people to use them (in Curitiba, two-way express lanes for buses are on all main roads)
  • without road widening, bus lanes can create more congestion
  • cycle lanes to improve safety and speed (Boris Bikes, 6 UK cycle towns saw 30% increase)
  • high occupancy lanes for vehicles with multiple passengers usually operating during rush-hour e.g. Toronto highway 403 led to 40% carsharing withing 3 years
45
Q

Integrating Transport Systems?

A
  • means coordinating PT to make use easier e.g. syncing arrivals times and common ticketing
  • about making PT accessible to cyclists and pedestrians
  • in Curitiba, 1600 buses, one ticket for any journey, 70% use bus system
46
Q

Traffic Management?

A
  • bypasses around town/city centres
  • Park n’ ride e.g. Cambridge
  • building on rural-urban fringe breaches greenbelt and has environmental consequences and can cause conflict
  • congestion charge
  • number plate restrictions
47
Q

Low Carbon Vehicles?

A
  • uses renewable PT vehicles e.g. Singapore hybrids
  • improves air quality
  • often expensive and difficult to refuel - requires subsidies
  • uses electricity generated from fossil fuels
48
Q

Explain Freiburg’s System and its Successes?

A
  • integrated PT
  • PT integrated with pedestrian and cycle routes
  • unified ticketing system to increase ease
  • light rail system within 300m of 60% of residents and fully integrated with 26 bus lines
  • buses and LRS have priority at traffic lights
  • whole city centre is pedestrianized
  • 177 home zones with low speed limits and pedestrian priority
  • cyclists can travel both ways on most 1-way roads to cut journey times
  • discounts on long-term passes to encourage commuting
  • by 2007, 70% of journeys by PT/walking/cycling
  • average car travel distance down 7%
  • CO2/capita down 20% since 1992
  • passenger fares cover 90% of costs - little govt support
49
Q

Positive effects of Urbanization?

A
  • better provision of education and services and basic infrastructure - can be delivered en masse to large groups
  • informal industrial can offer a path out of poverty and eventually formalize (Dharavi recycling)
  • IMR lower and life expectancy higher through healthcare and education
  • industry and finance services agglomerate and labour market develops
  • shanty towns can help reduce housing strain and rapidly developing areas
  • becomes a magnet for migration and inward investment e.g. Lagos
50
Q

Negative effects of Urbanization?

A
  • growth of unsafe and dangerous shanty towns (flooding in Dharavi)
  • informal sectors receive little support and get no access to credit/investment
  • healthcare often inaccessible to poor
  • environmental problems e.g. air quality in China
  • wealth divides breed resentment e.g. SA
  • overpopulation when development lags behind
51
Q

Impacts of Suburbanization upon inner city?

A

POSITIVES:
- reduces demand for high-rise, high-density housing leading to clearance and replacement with low-density, more pleasant developments

NEGATIVES:

  • inner city decline as skilled workers leave
  • communities fragment
  • dereliction becomes more common
  • shrinking tax base, thus lack of reinvestment
52
Q

Impacts of Suburbanization upon rural-urban fringe?

A

POSITIVES:

  • local tax base increases
  • new services and facilities
  • incoming wealth create demand for recreational facilities

NEGATIVES:

  • land prices rise
  • urban sprawl
  • more congestion and pollution from commuters
  • loss of rural atmosphere
  • more run-off, thus flooding risk increases

Geography (4 decks)

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