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Geography > Geo4b > Flashcards

Geo4b Flashcards

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1
Q

Define an economic migrant?

A

Someone who migrates to improve their standard of living, usually by finding work

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2
Q

Define a displaced person/refugee?

A

A person forced to leave their home but intends to return e.g. through war

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3
Q

Define an asylum seeker?

A

A person fleeing persecution (e.g. religious/political) in their home country, seeking asylum in another

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4
Q

Define dependency ratio?

A

A ratio of dependents (Under-15 and over-65) to the total population

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5
Q

Define human trafficking?

A

Process of illegally transporting people from one country to another

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6
Q

What is Libya’s role in African migration?

A
  • main route for migrants since 2011 when Gaddafi was overthrown
  • incredibly porous borders, no functioning government
  • now receiving £170mn from EU, essentially as a ransom
  • estimated some 600,000 migrants are ready-and-waiting to leave Libya
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7
Q

Facts about Climate Change and Problems caused by it?

A
  • Libya, Chad and Niger temp. risen by 1C
  • famine, as farming becomes far more unreliable
  • 363,000 children in Somalia suffering from malnutrition
  • 10,000 died due to drought
  • 1/2 Sahelians are affected by drought
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8
Q

Facts about Conflict and Problems caused by it?

A
  • 1.9 million displaced by conflict (1m in South Sudan)
  • AQIM forming a coalition to oppose Malian army
  • increase in terrorism since 2010 (22 deaths in Niger capital hotel attack)
  • IS bombing Russian passenger jet
  • targeting tourism heavily affects local economy
  • Libya saw 145 attacks in 2013
  • civil war, notably in South Sudan driving at least 1mn migrants to Uganda
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9
Q

Facts about Poverty and Problems caused by it?

A
  • wealth is not “trickling-down”
  • oil exporting is clearly not the solution
  • HIPCs unable to remedy their situation without help
  • corruption to widespread to make aid effective enough
  • extreme weather intensifies poverty by disrupting agriculture
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10
Q

Agadez, Niger - Context, facts, figures and role?

A
  • pre-2011, was a small town of 120,000
  • Niger is ranked at the bottom of the UN Development Index
  • very vulnerable to militancy and extremism
  • little economic activity, besides some African tourism
  • post-2011, long-locked routes reopened and Agadez became de-facto smuggling capital of the Sahel
  • smugglers facilitate journey through Sahara, the most dangerous part of the journey according to migrants
  • hundreds of trucks and pickups follow a military convoy every Monday
  • journey through Niger to border costs roughly £200
  • smugglers can earn up to £1000/wk
  • at least 18 transit houses
  • regional economy is now dependent on migrant trade
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11
Q

Demographics Facts About Migrants

A
  • 90% are men
  • 10% are minors (majority of which are unaccompanied)
  • are these minors really underage, or just claiming for legal protections?
  • mostly uneducated farmers who don’t know much about Europe but know they will be able to send remittances
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12
Q

EU Response to Niger’s role the Migrant Crisis?

A
  • $2bn EU fund setup
  • through political pressure, Nigerien government banned human smuggling in 2015
  • 102 arrested, 9 police officers arrested, 95 vehicles seized
  • new law has reduced numbers by up to 10x in Agadez
  • despite progress in Agadez, overall numbers to Europe are not decreasing
  • just moved elsewhere or deeper underground?
  • migrants must now pay more and take riskier routes
  • smugglers profits rise, although risk does too
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13
Q

How Dangerous is the journey? - In figures

A
  • 7/13 31 dead of Lampedusa
  • 9/13 13+ dead off Sicily
  • 10/13 300+ dead off Lampedusa, 12 dead off Egypt coast, 92 dead in Sahara near Libya
  • 4/14 4000+ land on Italy’s shores in 2 days
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14
Q

What are the 3 main types of migrant smuggling?

A

AD HOC SMUGGLING SERVICES: migrants travels on their own, occasionally using smuggling services to cross borders or obstacles

MIGRANT SMUGGLING THROUGH MISUSE OR ABUSE OF DOCUMENTS: migrants who can afford to use this type of smuggling often have enough money to purchase visas and other documents

PRE-ORGANISED STAGE-TO-STAGE SMUGGLING: the whole journey is organised and migrants are accompanied for most of it by smugglers

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15
Q

How long can the journey take, and why?

A
  • up to several years
  • often so desperate to leave home country they will only have funds for one leg of journey
  • most stop, work and save for next leg
  • can be arrested and detained without due process
  • can be exploited along way (sex trade or debt bondage)
  • must use many different groups as each specializes on their home turf (Sahara crossing vs. Med crossing)
  • for those with means pre-organised stage-to-stage smuggling is the way to go
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16
Q

Tribes involved in Smuggling?

A
  • Tubu (currently dominating the market) and Tuareg

- both based in southern Libya where border is not operating

17
Q

Changes routes?

A
  • Europe is not the only destination
  • many head east through Yemen to Gulf States/Israel
  • since 2013, crackdowns in the Gulf States have caused many to divert to Europe (use Saudi 1800km fence along Yemen)
  • only 36 irregular migrants crossed into Israel in the first nine months of 2013
18
Q

What is nationality swapping?

A
  • claiming to be of a different nationality to have a better chance of receiving international protection (Mali, Eritrea and Syria are popular choices)
19
Q

Risks of the journey?

A
  • due to desperation and lack of social safety net, migrants of susceptible to human trafficking
  • sexual exploitation, forced labour/services and debt bondage
  • difficult to differentiate between smuggled and trafficked migrants
  • estimated 10,000 Nigerian prostitutes in Italy
  • journey often begins voluntarily and ends forced trafficking
  • extortion of migrants is rife in Libya, where there is no functioning govt
20
Q

Benefits of Migration to Italy?

A
  • migrants taxes fund 600,000 pensions
  • 18.1% of new companies registered in 2014 were migrant owned
  • migrants take low paid jobs that other Italians do not want
  • Italy has an ageing population and the influx of migrants keeps the dependency ratio lower
21
Q

Costs of Migration to Italy?

A
  • 320,000 asylum seekers and other migrants arrive in Italy, costing £3bn
  • integration has been largest unsuccessful
  • migrants brought disease, 1/3 are said to have Hep. C
22
Q

Benefits of Migration to Germany?

A
  • Germany’s population is ageing and shrinking, immigrants resupply the labour market
  • migrants contribute more in taxes and social security than they receive
23
Q

Costs of Migration to Germany?

A
  • lack of assimilation
  • locals are unhappy with number of migrants and have staged protests
  • female immigrants are 2x as likely to be unemployed as German women
24
Q

What is the EU’s Quota system?

A

A refugee quota system which will see 120,000 refugees distributed across the EU
- opposed by central and eastern EU nations (Czechia, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia)

25
Q

Is the EU quota system fair?

A
  • must know how it is calculated
  • 40% GDP, 40% population and 20% corrective factors
  • unfairly weighted towards eastern states
  • e.g. Average German is 5x richer than Romania and there are 4x as many Germans, so Germany should take 20x more migrants but only takes 7x more
  • probably not, but difficult issue
26
Q

What is the purpose of the quota system?

A
  • to reduce strain on southern EU nations
  • temporarily assist and process applications of migrants in a distributed way
  • migrants will move as soon as possible to richer EU states so it is not a permanent solution to the distribution of migrants

Geography (4 decks)

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